Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiopulmonary 1 > 10-21-14 Autonomics > Flashcards

10-21-14 Autonomics Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent neurons handle

A

sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Afferent neurons trigger responses at the ______ ____

A

Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Efferent neurons handle

A

motor outflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is a reflex processed in the ANS?

A

The brain, not the spinal cord as in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In an autonomic reflex arc, the ANS takes the place of the ____ in the CNS reflex arc

A

alpha motorneuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where specifically do reflexes occur in the ANS?

A

Lower brain levels - Brainstem, hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Some of the things the ANS controls

A

Smooth muscle action, blood flow, glandular secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ANS is the efferent arm of our reflexes that controls the ______

A

viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do outflowing ANS neurons synapse?

A

Outside of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many neurons are usually involved in innervating an effector cell in the ANS?

A

2 neurons in series

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The first neuron in the ANS is called the _____

A

pre-ganglionic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does the Pre-ganglionic neuron start in the CNS?

A

It gets its message from the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the pre-ganglionic neuron in the ANS end up?

A

a ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A cluster of cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens at a ganglion in regards to ANS neurons?

A

the pre-ganglionic neuron synapses with the post-ganglionic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the post-ganglionic neuron end up?

A

the target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 ways to differentiate between the PS & S divisions of ANS?

A
  1. Where the pre-ganglionic fibers leave the CNS
  2. Location of ganglion
  3. Lengths of pre- and post-ganglionic axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the fiber lengths in parasympathetic nervous system

A

Preganglionic fibers - long

Postganglionic axon - short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the ganglia in the PS nervous system?

A

On or near the target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does the Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axon leave the CNS?

A

Cranial and Sacral regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where do sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons leave the CNS?

A

Thoracic and lumbar region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is the ganglia located in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic chain, just outside the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the relationship between the pre- and post-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Short pre-ganglionic fibers

Long post-ganglionic axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The NT released by the pre-ganglionic fibers in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is the same, what is it? What is the receptor subtype?

A

Acetylcholine

Nicotinic cholinergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What facilitates an AP (very basic)

A

opening of Na+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In the PS nervous system what does influx of Na through the nAchR cause?

A

EPSP -> AP

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the post-ganglionic axon release in the PS NS?

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the uniqueness of the synapses in the ANS

A

en passant

Mailman throwing your mail into your yard, instead of placing it in your mailbox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where are the vesicles located in the ANS?

A

the varicosities of the efferent synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Is the NT released by ANS nerves concentrated or diffuse?

A

diffuse, distributed to a broad area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The synapses of the ANS are not “protected”. What are the implications of this?

A

The metabolites are detectable in the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of receptor interacts with the post-ganglionic axon of the PS NS?

A

muscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the G-protein coupled muscarinic receptors?

A

M2

M3

M4

35
Q

Where is M2 active and what does it do

A

Cardiac

Decreases cAMP->increased K+efflux (inhibits)

36
Q

Where are M3 receptors found, and what do they do?

A

They do the same thing as M2, but are not restricted to Cardiac

37
Q

Where are M4 glands found, and what do they do?

A
  • Glands
  • Increase IP3/DAG -> Increased Ca2+
38
Q

What is the NT released by the post-ganglionic fiber in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

39
Q

Why are there so many types of a-adrenergic receptors?

A

Having different receptors allows the NE & ACh to do elicit different responses in different tissues

40
Q

A-adrenergic receptor affinity for NE vs. Epinephrine

A

higher for NE

41
Q

What do the 1a, 1b, and 1d a-adrenergic receptors do in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

increase IP3 and DAG -> decreased K+ efflux

42
Q

What do the 2a,2b,2c a-adrenergic receptors do?

A

Decrease cAMP -> decreased Ca2+ and Increased K+

43
Q

The three different subtypes of B-adrenergic all do the same thing, what do they do?

A

Increase cAMP

44
Q

Compare the affinity of B-adrenergic receptors for Epinephrine and NE

A

Higher affinity for epinephrine

45
Q

What is the sympathetic NT released at the post-ganglionic neuron?

A

Noradrenaline AKA norepinephrine

46
Q

What type of receptors on the target organ interact with the sympathetic nervous system

A

Alpha or beta adrenergic receptors

47
Q

(nor)epinephrine=____________

A

(nor)adrenaline

48
Q

What produces epinephrine?

A

chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

49
Q

The adrenal medulla is the equivalent of a __________ ________

A

sympathetic ganglion

50
Q

Where does the ANS specifically synapse in the adrenal medulla?

A

chromaffin cells

51
Q

What NT acting at what receptor type tells the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine?

A

ACh acting at nicotinic receptors

52
Q

epinephrine is released in the blood by chromaffin cells, what else is also released?

A

dopamine and norepinephrine (both are required to synthesize epinephrine)

53
Q

General conditions of the body when parasympathetic system is more active

A
  • sufficient O2
  • Low HR
  • Low BP
  • Blood to intestines
54
Q

Sympathetic system activation allows

A

Increased O2 intake

More O2 to muscles

Less blood to GI

55
Q

Radial muscle of iris response to sympathetic activation is

A
  • contraction -> dilation of pupil
    • allows more light in
56
Q

What receptor subtype is active in the Iris during sympathetic action

A

a-adrenergic

57
Q

How is the ciliary muscle of the eye lens acted upon during sympathetic tone?

A
  • Relaxes, which flattens the lens
    • Enhances focus on far objects
58
Q

What receptor subtype is acted upon in the ciliary muscle during sympathetic innervation?

A

B2-adrenergic

59
Q

What receptors are signalled in the heart by the sympathetic nervous system during fight or flight?

A

B1 &B2-adrenergic receptors

60
Q

What do the B1 and B2 adrenergic receptors do when activated by the sympathetic ns in the heart?

A

Increase HR

Increase strength of contraction

61
Q

Fight or flight response in a-adrenergic receptors of blood vessels

A

vasoconstriction

62
Q

Fight or flight response in b-adrenergic receptors of blood vessels

A

vasodilation

63
Q

Most arteries and veins have both a, and b-adrenergic receptors. Why is this important?

A

Vasodilation - directs blood to skeletal muscle

Vasoconstriction - shunts blood away from GI system to skeletal muscles

64
Q

Why do some arterial systems only have a-adrenergic receptors?

A

Skin and mucosa- limit bleeding during flight or fight

Salivary glands - dry mouth

Brain - can choose whether its alpha receptors are active or not

65
Q

What type of receptors are used in fight or flight response in bronchial smooth muscles?

A

B2 receptors

Bronchodilation (makes it easier to get O2 in)

66
Q

What does a1 activation do in bronchial glands?

A

decreases secretion

67
Q

What does b2 activation result in in bronchial glands?

A

Humidifies air in lungs by increasing secretions

68
Q

a1 and b activation in GI system during fight or flight results in?

A

decreased motility

69
Q

a1 activation in GI sphincters results in _____

A

contraction

70
Q

a2 activation in GI results in ______ _____

A

decreased secretions

71
Q

How to increase energy in fight or flight

A

a1 and b2 receptors in liver

a1, b1, b3 receptors in adipose tissue

72
Q

a1 and b2 action in liver during fight or flight

A

increased glycogenolysis (breaking glucose molecules off of glycogen one at a time)

73
Q

action of a1, b1, and b3 receptors in adipose tissue during fight or flight

A

increased lipolysis - (FFAs)

74
Q

action of b2 adrenergics on heart

A

increase strength and rate of contraction (more blood)

75
Q

Action of a-adrenergics on vasculature

A

vasoconstrict and send blood away

76
Q

Action of b-adrenergics on vasculature

A

dilate and increase blood flow (more blood)

77
Q

Action of B2-adrenergics on lungs

A

Bronchodilation (more air)

Increased secretions (humidify more air)

78
Q

Parasympathetic action on the heart and pupil

A

Heart - decreases HR, not contractile strength though

Pupil - constriction via relaxation of radial muscle

79
Q

Rest and digest state of ciliary muscle/lens

A

contraction, round for near vision

80
Q

Rest and digest state for vasculature

A

vasodilation

81
Q

Rest and digest action in GI

A

increased motility

increased secretions
relaxed sphincters

82
Q

State of bronchial smooth muscle during rest and digest

A

contractions/gland secretion

83
Q

What is the relationship between PS and S nervous systems during normal conditions?

A

a state of equilibrium. A lack of equilibrium is NOT healthy.

84
Q

What is the brains role in the relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic tone?

A

The brain controls the fluctuations/”outflow” so that each organ gets the proper balance of PS & S tone.

Cardiopulmonary 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions