10&20. Organic Flashcards
Alkane
-ane
CH2
Alkene
-ene
-CH=CH-
Alkenyl
Alkyne
-yne
-C≡C-
alkynyl
Halogenoalkane
Chloro, bromo etc
-F, -Cl etc
Halogen
Ether
-oxy-
-O-
ether
Alcohol
-ol
OH
Hydroxyl
Aldehyde
-al
-CHO
Carbonyl
Ketone
-one
-CO-
Carbonyl
Ester
-oate
-COO-
Ester
Carboxylic acide
-oic acid
-COOH
carboxyl
Amine
-amine
-NH2
Amino
Amide
-amide
CONH2
Carboxymide
Nitrile
-nitrile
-CN
Nitrile
Arene
-benzene or phenyl-
Phenyl
Primary, secondary and teritiary molecules
A primary carbon in bonded to just one hydrocarbon chain, a secondary to two and a tertiary to three.
Structural isomers
= two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.
Saturated compound
Molecule with no double or triple bonds
Free radical
an uncharged species that has an unpaired valence electron
Electrophile
an electron-deficient species that can accept electron pairs from a nucleophile.
Markovnikov’s rule
when hydrogen halides add to asymmetrical alkenes, the hydrogen atom always adds to the carbon atom that already has the most hydrogen atoms bonded to it.
How can an aldehyde be formed?
Oxidation of an alcohol
Reduction of carboxylic acid
How can a carboxylic acid be formed?
Oxidation of an aldehyde
Oxidation of an alchohol (via an aldehyde)
How can an alcohol be formed?
Addition of an alkane
Substitution of a halogenoalkane
Reduction of a ketone
Reduction of an aldehyde
How can a ketone be formed?
Oxidation of an alcohol
How can an ester be formed?
Addition of an alcohol and carboxylic acid
How can a halogenoalkane be formed?
Substitution of an alkane
Addition of an alkene
How can an alkane be formed?
Cracking of an alkene
How can a dihalogenoalkane be formed
Addition of an alkene
How can a polymer be formed?
Polymerisation of alkene
How can nitrobenzene be formed?
Substitution of benzene
How can phenylamine be formed?
Reduction of nitrobenzene
Stereoisomer
Different orientations of atoms in space
Conformational isomers
Can be converted by rotation around a single bond
Configurational isomers
Cannot be converted by rotation around a single bond
Cis-trans isomers
Occur due to the restricted rotation around atoms
Optical isomers
Exist as chiral compounds with asymmetric carbon atoms.
Racemic mixtures
contain equal amounts of each isomer