10/17

Question 1

what is an acid/base organic reaction?

Answer 1

transfer of protons from one species to another

Question 2

what is a substitution organic reaction?

Answer 2

switching one group for another group (replace one group for another)

Question 3

what is an elimination organic reaction?

Answer 3

removing a group completely from the molecule (not adding anything)

Question 4

what is an addition organic reaction?

Answer 4

adding a group to the molecule (not removing anything else)

Question 5

what is a REDOX organic reaction?

Answer 5

changing the oxidation state of a group on a molecule (increasing amt of O2 to a compound)

Question 6

what is an isomerization organic reaction?

Answer 6

rearrangement of group within the same molecule (not adding or removing)

Question 7

what is a nucleophile reaction components?

Answer 7

electron rich species (anion, heteroatoms with lone pair electrons, alkenes, alkynes

Question 8

what is an electrophile reaction component

Answer 8

electron poor species (carbocations, carbonyl groups, alkenes, alkynes)

Question 9

what is entropy

Answer 9

disorder

Question 10

what is enthalpy

Answer 10

Enthalpy is the measure of the total heat energy within a system
In enthalpy we want it to be negative (meaning heat will be released) this is favorable.

Question 11

entropy, enthalpy and temperature contribute to the

Answer 11

favorable conditions for a spontaneous reaction

Question 12

if you have a non spontaneous reaction it won’t really

Answer 12

work on it’s own, it needs an external energy source.

Question 13

what is the value that determines if a reaction is spontaneous?

Answer 13

Delta g

Question 14

If Delta G is _________ it forms a spontaneous reaction

Answer 14

negative

Question 15

If Delta G is _______ it forms a nonspontaneous reaction

Answer 15

Positive

Question 16

what can help something turn from nonspontaneous to spontaneous?

Answer 16

a catalyst

Question 17

when enzymes don’t work in the body what do you get?

Answer 17

sickness, disease, and eventually death

Question 18

what is one of the most common organic reaction types?

Answer 18

acid/base reaction

Question 19

Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases

Answer 19

looks at protons

donors(acids) and acceptors(bases)

Question 20

The Lewis definition of acids and bases

Answer 20

looks at electrons
donors(bases) and acceptors (acids)

Question 21

why is Mg++ important to have in our diet?

Answer 21

because it is required to catalyze ATP

Question 22

Bronsted acids and bases can also be classified as

Answer 22

Lewis structure acid or bases

Question 23

nucleophilic substitution

Answer 23

addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to an electron poor species (electrophile)

Question 24

aromatic substitution

Answer 24

replacement of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group (not oxygen or nitrogen)

Question 25

Acyl substitution

Answer 25

addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to a carbonyl containing group (ester, amides, and carboxylic acid), sulfonate group, or phosphate group
C=O
S=O
P=O

Question 26

what does Acyl mean?

Answer 26

a carbonyl group

Question 27

usually when doing an elimination reaction you will be forming a

Answer 27

double bond

Question 28

Addition Reactions

Answer 28

Bonds between O and O.
Usually Alcohol (OH) as a product.

Question 29

Oxidation:

Answer 29

increase in the number of bonds to O or N
decrease in the number of bonds to H

Question 30

Reduction

Answer 30

Decrease in the number of bonds to O or N
Increase in the number of bonds to H

Question 31

what is a REDOX reaction?

Answer 31

Oxidation and reduction

you can’t have something being oxidized without something else being reduced

Question 32

if you change the number of bonds to an O, N or H, that is a

Answer 32

REDOX reaction

Question 33

Isomerization

Answer 33

Repositioning where the atoms are in the structure

Question 34

catalysts do not ______ in the product of the pathway, and they also are not _______ during the process. why is this important?

Answer 34

appear
consumed

because the same enzyme can be used over and over and over and it won’t degrade

Question 35

catalysis increases the reaction ________ by lowering the ________ of activation

Answer 35

rate

energy

Question 36

enzymes are named off the _____ they catalyze

Answer 36

process

Question 37

characteristics of enzymes

Answer 37

efficient
specific
regulate (adaptive to different metabolic/environmental conditions)

Question 38

what is an enzyme substrate complex?

Answer 38

a substrate and product

Question 39

what is a substrate?

Answer 39

substance on which an enzyme acts (reactants)

Question 40

Why does an enzyme allow 2 things to come together in a enzyme-substrate complex? (this would be unfavorable by entropy)

Answer 40

the enzyme changes configuration which is disorder and favorable by entropy

Question 41

what are cofactors?

Answer 41

a nonprotein component required to allow an enzyme to perform its role.

bind within an enzyme to promote enzymatic process

Question 42

what are some general types of cofactors?

Answer 42

inorganic
organic

Question 43

what are the 6 classes of enzymes?

Answer 43

Transferase(like a substitution)
hydrolases(hydrolysis)
Lyase (elimination reactions)
Ligases (join 2 molecules together)
Oxidoreductases (REDOX reactions)
Isomerases(promote structural shift)