10/17 Flashcards
what is an acid/base organic reaction?
transfer of protons from one species to another
what is a substitution organic reaction?
switching one group for another group
what is an elimination organic reaction?
removing a group completely from the molecule
what is an addition organic reaction?
adding a group to the molecule
what is a REDOX organic reaction?
changing the oxidation state of a group on a molecule
what is an isomerization organic reaction?
rearrangement of group within the same molecule
what is a nucleophile reaction component?
electron rich species (anion, heteroatoms with lone pair electrons, alkenes, alkynes
every organic reaction has either a ______ or ______ reaction component
nucleophile or electrophile
what is an electrophile reaction component
electron poor species (carbocations, carbonyl groups, alkenes, alkynes)
what is spontaneity?
whether or not a spontaneous reaction is favorable to occur
what is entropy
disorder
what is enthalpy
Enthalpy is the measure of the total heat energy within a system
In enthalpy we want it to be negative (meaning heat will be released) this is favorable.
entropy, enthalpy and temperature contribute to the
favorable conditions for a spontaneous reaction
if you have a non spontaneous reaction it won’t really
work on it’s own, it needs an external energy source.
what is the value that determines if a reaction is spontaneous?
Delta g
If Delta G is _________ it forms a spontaneous reaction
negative
If Delta G is _______ it forms a nonspontaneous reaction
Positive
what can help something turn from nonspontaneous to spontaneous?
a catalyst
when it comes to biochemical reactions, what is used as a catalyst?
enzymes
What are catalyst?
Something that helps to increase the rate of which a reaction occurs
the magic of what enzymes do is that they give us the ability to
live
when enzymes don’t work in the body what do you get?
sickness, disease, and eventually death
what is one of the most common organic reaction types?
acid/base reaction
Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases
looks at protons
donors(acids) and acceptors(bases)
The Lewis definition of acids and bases
looks at electrons
donors(bases) and acceptors (acids)
why is Mg++ important to have in our diet?
because it is required to catalyze ATP
Bronsted acids and bases can also be classified as
Lewis structure acid or bases
nucleophilic substitution
addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to an electron poor species (electrophile)
aromatic substitution
replacement of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group (not oxygen or nitrogen)
Acyl substitution
addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to a carbonyl containing group (ester, amides, and carboxylic acid), sulfonate group, or phosphate group
C=O
S=O
P=O
what does Acyl mean?
a carbonyl group
usually when doing an elimination reaction you will be forming a
double bond
Oxidation:
increase in the number of bonds to O or N
decrease in the number of bonds to H
Reduction
Decrease in the number of bonds to O or N
Increase in the number of bonds to H
what is a REDOX reaction?
Oxidation and reduction
you can’t have something being oxidized without something else being reduced
if you change the number of bonds to an O, N or H, that is a
REDOX reaction
Enzymes do not ______ in the product of the pathway, and they also are not _______ during the process. why is this important?
appear
consumed
because the same enzyme can be used over and over and over and it won’t degrade
catalysis increases the reaction ________ by lowering the ________ of activation
rate
energy
what is -ase denote?
an enzyme
enzymes are named off the _____ they catalyze
process
characteristics of enzymes
efficient
specific
regulate (adaptive to different metabolic/environmental conditions)
what is an enzyme substrate complex?
a substrate and product
what is a substrate?
substance on which an enzyme acts (reactants)
Why does an enzyme allow 2 things to come together in a enzyme-substrate complex? (this would be unfavorable by entropy)
the enzyme changes configuration which is disorder and favorable by entropy
what are cofactors?
a nonprotein component required to allow an enzyme to perform its role.
bind within an enzyme to promote enzymatic process
what are some general types of cofactors?
inorganic
organic
not all enzymes require ______
cofactors
what are the 6 classes of enzymes?
transferase(like a substitution)
hydrolases(hydrolysis)
oxidoreductases (REDOX reactions)
lyase (elimination reactions)
ligases (join 2 molecules together)
isomerases(promote structural shift)
transferase subgroups:
transaminase
acyl transferases
methyltransferase
kinases
hydrolase subgroups
protease
lipases
esterase
glycosidase
glycosylase
oxidoreductase subgroups
peroxidase
hydroxylase
reductase
Oxidase
dehydrogenase
oxygenase
Lyase subgroup
cyclase
decarboxylase
ligase subgroups
DNA Ligase
Synthase
isomerase subgroups
mutase
epimerase
racemase
go from a wedge to a dash
transferases think
substitution
hydrolases think
ACYl substitution reaction using water
oxidoreducase think
REDOX
lyases think
elimination
ligases think
addition
isomerases think
isomerization
