10/17

Question 1

what is an acid/base organic reaction?

Answer 1

transfer of protons from one species to another

Question 2

what is a substitution organic reaction?

Answer 2

switching one group for another group

Question 3

what is an elimination organic reaction?

Answer 3

removing a group completely from the molecule

Question 4

what is an addition organic reaction?

Answer 4

adding a group to the molecule

Question 5

what is a REDOX organic reaction?

Answer 5

changing the oxidation state of a group on a molecule

Question 6

what is an isomerization organic reaction?

Answer 6

rearrangement of group within the same molecule

Question 7

what is a nucleophile reaction component?

Answer 7

electron rich species (anion, heteroatoms with lone pair electrons, alkenes, alkynes

Question 8

every organic reaction has either a ______ or ______ reaction component

Answer 8

nucleophile or electrophile

Question 9

what is an electrophile reaction component

Answer 9

electron poor species (carbocations, carbonyl groups, alkenes, alkynes)

Question 10

what is spontaneity?

Answer 10

whether or not a spontaneous reaction is favorable to occur

Question 11

what is entropy

Answer 11

disorder

Question 12

what is enthalpy

Answer 12

Enthalpy is the measure of the total heat energy within a system
In enthalpy we want it to be negative (meaning heat will be released) this is favorable.

Question 13

entropy, enthalpy and temperature contribute to the

Answer 13

favorable conditions for a spontaneous reaction

Question 14

if you have a non spontaneous reaction it won’t really

Answer 14

work on it’s own, it needs an external energy source.

Question 15

what is the value that determines if a reaction is spontaneous?

Answer 15

Delta g

Question 16

If Delta G is _________ it forms a spontaneous reaction

Answer 16

negative

Question 17

If Delta G is _______ it forms a nonspontaneous reaction

Answer 17

Positive

Question 18

what can help something turn from nonspontaneous to spontaneous?

Answer 18

a catalyst

Question 19

when it comes to biochemical reactions, what is used as a catalyst?

Answer 19

enzymes

Question 20

What are catalyst?

Answer 20

Something that helps to increase the rate of which a reaction occurs

Question 21

the magic of what enzymes do is that they give us the ability to

Answer 21

live

Question 22

when enzymes don’t work in the body what do you get?

Answer 22

sickness, disease, and eventually death

Question 23

what is one of the most common organic reaction types?

Answer 23

acid/base reaction

Question 24

Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases

Answer 24

looks at protons

donors(acids) and acceptors(bases)

Question 25

The Lewis definition of acids and bases

Answer 25

looks at electrons donors(bases) and acceptors (acids)

Question 26

why is Mg++ important to have in our diet?

Answer 26

because it is required to catalyze ATP

Question 27

Bronsted acids and bases can also be classified as

Answer 27

Lewis structure acid or bases

Question 28

nucleophilic substitution

Answer 28

addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to an electron poor species (electrophile)

Question 29

aromatic substitution

Answer 29

replacement of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group (not oxygen or nitrogen)

Question 30

Acyl substitution

Answer 30

addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to a carbonyl containing group (ester, amides, and carboxylic acid), sulfonate group, or phosphate group C=O S=O P=O

Question 31

what does Acyl mean?

Answer 31

a carbonyl group

Question 32

usually when doing an elimination reaction you will be forming a

Answer 32

double bond

Question 33

Oxidation:

Answer 33

increase in the number of bonds to O or N decrease in the number of bonds to H

Question 34

Reduction

Answer 34

Decrease in the number of bonds to O or N Increase in the number of bonds to H

Question 35

what is a REDOX reaction?

Answer 35

Oxidation and reduction you can't have something being oxidized without something else being reduced

Question 36

if you change the number of bonds to an O, N or H, that is a

Answer 36

REDOX reaction

Question 37

Enzymes do not ______ in the product of the pathway, and they also are not _______ during the process. why is this important?

Answer 37

appear consumed because the same enzyme can be used over and over and over and it won't degrade

Question 38

catalysis increases the reaction ________ by lowering the ________ of activation

Answer 38

rate energy

Question 39

what is -ase denote?

Answer 39

an enzyme

Question 40

enzymes are named off the _____ they catalyze

Answer 40

process

Question 41

characteristics of enzymes

Answer 41

efficient specific regulate (adaptive to different metabolic/environmental conditions)

Question 42

what is an enzyme substrate complex?

Answer 42

a substrate and product

Question 43

what is a substrate?

Answer 43

substance on which an enzyme acts (reactants)

Question 44

Why does an enzyme allow 2 things to come together in a enzyme-substrate complex? (this would be unfavorable by entropy)

Answer 44

the enzyme changes configuration which is disorder and favorable by entropy

Question 45

what are cofactors?

Answer 45

a nonprotein component required to allow an enzyme to perform its role. bind within an enzyme to promote enzymatic process

Question 46

what are some general types of cofactors?

Answer 46

inorganic organic

Question 47

not all enzymes require ______

Answer 47

cofactors

Question 48

what are the 6 classes of enzymes?

Answer 48

transferase(like a substitution) hydrolases(hydrolysis) oxidoreductases (REDOX reactions) lyase (elimination reactions) ligases (join 2 molecules together) isomerases(promote structural shift)

Question 49

transferase subgroups:

Answer 49

transaminase acyl transferases methyltransferase kinases

Question 50

hydrolase subgroups

Answer 50

protease lipases esterase glycosidase glycosylase

Question 51

oxidoreductase subgroups

Answer 51

peroxidase hydroxylase reductase Oxidase dehydrogenase oxygenase

Question 52

Lyase subgroup

Answer 52

cyclase decarboxylase

Question 53

ligase subgroups

Answer 53

DNA Ligase Synthase

Question 54

isomerase subgroups

Answer 54

mutase epimerase racemase go from a wedge to a dash

Question 55

transferases think

Answer 55

substitution

Question 56

hydrolases think

Answer 56

ACYl substitution reaction using water

Question 57

oxidoreducase think

Answer 57

REDOX

Question 58

lyases think

Answer 58

elimination

Question 59

ligases think

Answer 59

addition

Question 60

isomerases think

Answer 60

isomerization