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Chemistry Test 3 > 10/17 > Flashcards

10/17 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an acid/base organic reaction?

A

transfer of protons from one species to another

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2
Q

what is a substitution organic reaction?

A

switching one group for another group

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3
Q

what is an elimination organic reaction?

A

removing a group completely from the molecule

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4
Q

what is an addition organic reaction?

A

adding a group to the molecule

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5
Q

what is a REDOX organic reaction?

A

changing the oxidation state of a group on a molecule

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6
Q

what is an isomerization organic reaction?

A

rearrangement of group within the same molecule

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7
Q

what is a nucleophile reaction component?

A

electron rich species (anion, heteroatoms with lone pair electrons, alkenes, alkynes

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8
Q

every organic reaction has either a ______ or ______ reaction component

A

nucleophile or electrophile

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9
Q

what is an electrophile reaction component

A

electron poor species (carbocations, carbonyl groups, alkenes, alkynes)

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10
Q

what is spontaneity?

A

whether or not a spontaneous reaction is favorable to occur

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11
Q

what is entropy

A

disorder

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12
Q

what is enthalpy

A

Enthalpy is the measure of the total heat energy within a system
In enthalpy we want it to be negative (meaning heat will be released) this is favorable.

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13
Q

entropy, enthalpy and temperature contribute to the

A

favorable conditions for a spontaneous reaction

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14
Q

if you have a non spontaneous reaction it won’t really

A

work on it’s own, it needs an external energy source.

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15
Q

what is the value that determines if a reaction is spontaneous?

A

Delta g

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16
Q

If Delta G is _________ it forms a spontaneous reaction

A

negative

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17
Q

If Delta G is _______ it forms a nonspontaneous reaction

A

Positive

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18
Q

what can help something turn from nonspontaneous to spontaneous?

A

a catalyst

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19
Q

when it comes to biochemical reactions, what is used as a catalyst?

A

enzymes

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20
Q

What are catalyst?

A

Something that helps to increase the rate of which a reaction occurs

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21
Q

the magic of what enzymes do is that they give us the ability to

A

live

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22
Q

when enzymes don’t work in the body what do you get?

A

sickness, disease, and eventually death

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23
Q

what is one of the most common organic reaction types?

A

acid/base reaction

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24
Q

Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases

A

looks at protons

donors(acids) and acceptors(bases)

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25
Q

The Lewis definition of acids and bases

A

looks at electrons
donors(bases) and acceptors (acids)

26
Q

why is Mg++ important to have in our diet?

A

because it is required to catalyze ATP

27
Q

Bronsted acids and bases can also be classified as

A

Lewis structure acid or bases

28
Q

nucleophilic substitution

A

addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to an electron poor species (electrophile)

29
Q

aromatic substitution

A

replacement of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group (not oxygen or nitrogen)

30
Q

Acyl substitution

A

addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to a carbonyl containing group (ester, amides, and carboxylic acid), sulfonate group, or phosphate group
C=O
S=O
P=O

31
Q

what does Acyl mean?

A

a carbonyl group

32
Q

usually when doing an elimination reaction you will be forming a

A

double bond

33
Q

Oxidation:

A

increase in the number of bonds to O or N
decrease in the number of bonds to H

34
Q

Reduction

A

Decrease in the number of bonds to O or N
Increase in the number of bonds to H

35
Q

what is a REDOX reaction?

A

Oxidation and reduction

you can’t have something being oxidized without something else being reduced

36
Q

if you change the number of bonds to an O, N or H, that is a

A

REDOX reaction

37
Q

Enzymes do not ______ in the product of the pathway, and they also are not _______ during the process. why is this important?

A

appear
consumed

because the same enzyme can be used over and over and over and it won’t degrade

38
Q

catalysis increases the reaction ________ by lowering the ________ of activation

A

rate

energy

39
Q

what is -ase denote?

A

an enzyme

40
Q

enzymes are named off the _____ they catalyze

A

process

41
Q

characteristics of enzymes

A

efficient
specific
regulate (adaptive to different metabolic/environmental conditions)

42
Q

what is an enzyme substrate complex?

A

a substrate and product

43
Q

what is a substrate?

A

substance on which an enzyme acts (reactants)

44
Q

Why does an enzyme allow 2 things to come together in a enzyme-substrate complex? (this would be unfavorable by entropy)

A

the enzyme changes configuration which is disorder and favorable by entropy

45
Q

what are cofactors?

A

a nonprotein component required to allow an enzyme to perform its role.

bind within an enzyme to promote enzymatic process

46
Q

what are some general types of cofactors?

A

inorganic
organic

47
Q

not all enzymes require ______

A

cofactors

48
Q

what are the 6 classes of enzymes?

A

transferase(like a substitution)
hydrolases(hydrolysis)
oxidoreductases (REDOX reactions)
lyase (elimination reactions)
ligases (join 2 molecules together)
isomerases(promote structural shift)

49
Q

transferase subgroups:

A

transaminase
acyl transferases
methyltransferase
kinases

50
Q

hydrolase subgroups

A

protease
lipases
esterase
glycosidase
glycosylase

51
Q

oxidoreductase subgroups

A

peroxidase
hydroxylase
reductase
Oxidase
dehydrogenase
oxygenase

52
Q

Lyase subgroup

A

cyclase
decarboxylase

53
Q

ligase subgroups

A

DNA Ligase
Synthase

54
Q

isomerase subgroups

A

mutase
epimerase
racemase

go from a wedge to a dash

55
Q

transferases think

A

substitution

56
Q

hydrolases think

A

ACYl substitution reaction using water

57
Q

oxidoreducase think

A

REDOX

58
Q

lyases think

A

elimination

59
Q

ligases think

A

addition

60
Q

isomerases think

A

isomerization

Chemistry Test 3 (4 decks)

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