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Chemistry Test 3 > 10/15 > Flashcards

10/15 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 main classes of biomolecules?

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

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2
Q

what is the main energy source for biological function?

A

carbohydrates

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3
Q

what are macromolecules responsible for many essential biological functions including DNA replication, cell signaling, metabolic reactions, enzymatic reactions, and membrane transport?

A

proteins

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4
Q

what are hydrophobic structures responsible for membrane structure and energy storage?

A

lipids

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5
Q

what are macromolecules responsible for storage and transfer of genetic information?

A

nucleic acids

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6
Q

what are a highly oxygenated, polyhydroxylated species that are a primary source of energy for the body through metabolism to ATP( glycolysis)

A

carbohydrates

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7
Q

what suffix denotes a sugar compound?

A

-ose

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8
Q

what is a one sugar unit?

A

monosaccaride

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9
Q

what is a two sugar unit?

A

disaccharide

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10
Q

what is a multiple sugar unit?
what is an example?

A

polysaccharide
cellulose

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11
Q

what are simple sugars?

A

straight chains of sugars that are easily broken down

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12
Q

what are complex sugars?

A

sugars with branch chains that are more difficult to break down

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13
Q

how do we classify carbohydrates?

A

carbonyl Type:
-Aldehyde=aldose
-ketone=ketose

carbon number:
-three= triose
-four= tetrose
-five= pentose
-six= hexose

Stereoisomer(look at the last hydroxyl group)
right side = D-sugar (all natural sugars)
Left side= L-sugar (synthetic/man made)

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14
Q

what is a Fischer projection?

A

open-form of a sugar or other compound
longest carbon chain exists on the vertical
** carbonyl group is on top
** hydoxymethyl is at the bottom
hydroxyl groups placed on either the left or right side. The last OH determines if it is a D or L sugar. The ones above that helps us differentiate between different types of sugars (glucose vs galactose)

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15
Q

what is the Haworth projections?

A

closed form of the sugar
last hydroxyl group “cyclizes” on to the carbonyl group to form a ring

other hydroxyl groups are placed “above” (pointing up) or “below” (pointing down) corresponding the stereochemistry in the Fischer projection

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16
Q

what is an epimer?

A

a diastereomer when only 1 stereocenters has changed

usually the first hydroxyl group

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17
Q

In a Fischer to Haworth, if the OH group is on the right in the Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth

A

down

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18
Q

In a Fischer to Haworth, if the OH group is on the left in Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth

A

up

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19
Q

In a Fischer to Haworth, if the CH2OH (hydroxymethyl) group is found on the D sugar in the Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth

A

up

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20
Q

in a Fischer to Haworth, if the CH2OH (Hydroxymethyl) group is found on the L sugar in the Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth

A

down

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21
Q

alpha anomer occurs when the OH group is facing

A

down

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22
Q

beta anomer occurs when the OH group is facing

A

up

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23
Q

only use alpha and beta anomer when talking about which projection?

A

Haworth

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24
Q

If the anomeric carbon on an anomer is pointing down, it is the ________ anomer

A

alpha

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25
Q

what is the anomeric carbon?

A

The carbon directly next to the ring oxygen. Usually on the right side

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26
Q

CH2OH always gets the _____ number in the Haworth structure

A

highest

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27
Q

all individual sugar units that are bound to another individual sugar unit, are bound by a ____________

A

Glycosidic bond

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28
Q

What are the steps to naming a disaccharide?

A

Find the anomeric carbon and determine if it is pointing up or down.
up=beta
down=alpha
then decide which number carbon in the second sugar it has formed a bond with.

Name with the direction and then the carbon numbers.

i.e. Beta-1,4 glycosidic bond

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29
Q

what are the 3 parts of amino acids?

A

amine functional group
carboxylic acid functional group
side chain
—non-polar(hydrocarbon)
—polar (alcohols, amides, thiols)
— acid/basic(carboxylic acids, amines)

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30
Q

what is the naturally occurring amino acid

A

L isomer

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31
Q

what is a bond between 2 amino acid fragments?

A

peptide bonds. This is an amide bond (carbonyl group connecting a C and N).
(these are amide bonds but referred to as peptide bonds when talking about amino acids)

32
Q

what is the beginning point in a peptide chain called?

A

N-terminus
the beginning amine functional group

33
Q

what is the ending point in a peptide chain called?

A

C=terminus
the ending carboxylic acid functional group

34
Q

If you have a large cyclic molecule and you want to figure out how many amino acid groups there are within it, what do you do?

A

count the amide groups

35
Q

what is special about an amide bond having hindered rotation?

A

It leads to a well-defined structure for proteins. Most single bonds have rotation around them, meaning most peptide structures are going to be linear where other single bonds are going to have turns.

36
Q

proline leads to _______ in amino acid structures. Why?

A

turns
because proline is the only amino acid with N in it’s ring, locking the N in.

37
Q

What is the monomeric unit of a carbohydrate?

A

sugar

38
Q

What is the monomeric unit of a protein?

A

amino acid

39
Q

What is the monomeric unit of a lipid?

A

fatty acid

40
Q

What is the monomeric unit of a nucleotide?

A

nucleic acid

41
Q

If the last hydroxyl group on a Fischer projection of a sugar is found on the right side, which stereoisomerism is it?

A

D sugar

42
Q

If the last hydroxyl group on a Fischer projection of a sugar is found on the left side, which stereoisomerism is it?

A

L sugar

43
Q

what does the stereoisomerism L mean?

A

Levorotatory meaning left or counterclockwise

44
Q

what does the stereoisomerism D mean?

A

dextrorotatory meaning right or clockwise

45
Q

Diastereomers and Epimers are completely different __________
where enantiomers are different ______

A

molecules (glucose vs allose)

versions of the same compound (D ribose vs L ribose)

46
Q

If the anomeric carbon on an anomer is pointing up, it is the ________ anomer

A

Beta

47
Q

Are Anomers diastereomers?

A

no, anomers can only be assigned when in the Haworth projection, where diastereomers are assigned when in the Fischer projections. Diastereomers are 2 different sugars but anomers are just different forms of the same sugar.

48
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Its sequence of amino acids

49
Q

How many levels are there of protein structures?

A

4

50
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The fixed arrangement of the polypeptide backbone. Held together with intermolecular forces
alpha helix
beta sheets

51
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

unique three-dimensional shape as a whole.
caused by bending and folding of the protein backbone and lends to the function of the protein

52
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

arrangement of multiple subunits(tertiary structures) into a larger structure held together by the same forces found in the tertiary structure. This structure leads to the proteins ACTUAL FUNCTION

53
Q

what are the three main function areas of lipids?

A

energy storage
membrane structure
chemical signaling

54
Q

What are the different structural types that lipids are grouped into?

A

fatty acids
glycerides
non-glycerides
complex

55
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A

has no double bonds

56
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

has double bonds

57
Q

what does a fatty acid look like?

A

an even number of carbons tail group with a carboxylic acid head group

58
Q

what does cis refer to?

A

having the functional groups on the same side of the double bond (similar to the Z arrangement).

59
Q

What does trans refer to?

A

having the functional groups on the opposite sides of the double bond (similar to the E arrangement).

60
Q

what is an eicosanoid?

A

a type of fatty acid: a structurally related hormone-like biomolecule synthesized from arachidonic acid that are found in almost all cells and tissues and plays many roles in biological functions.

61
Q

what are prostaglandins involved in?

A

injury/illness response

62
Q

what are leukotrienes involved in?

A

allergic response

63
Q

what are Thromboxanes involved in?

A

platelet aggregation

64
Q

what are glycerides?

A

biomolecules containing a 3 membered glycerol backbone with an appended fatty acid.
Typical fats and oils

65
Q

what do glycerides do?

A

energy storage
cell membrane lipid bilayers

66
Q

what is a neutral glyceride?

A

triglyceride

67
Q

what is an example of an ionic glyceride?

A

phosphoglyceride

68
Q

what are the 3 subtypes of non-glycerides?

A

sphingolipids
steroids
waxes

69
Q

what type of structure is this?
what does it do?

A

sphingolipid

CNS compound involved in tissue development

70
Q

what type of structure is this?
what does it do?

A

steroids
responsible for signaling various biological functions

71
Q

what type of structure is this?
what does it do?

A

waxes
protective in nature, found on birds and bugs

72
Q

what is a complex lipid structure?

A

bonded to other types of molecules
lipoproteins
-carry fats or cholesterols throughout the body

glycolipids
part of the cell wall membrane, maintains membrane stability and facilitates intercellular interactions. Act as a site for pathogens to enter the cells (viruses)

73
Q

What are the components of a nucleic acid?

A

heteroaromatic base
ribose sugar
phosphate group

74
Q

what do nucleic acids do?

A

DNA(transcription)
RNA (translation)

75
Q

What structure is this?

A

nucleic acid

Chemistry Test 3 (4 decks)

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