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Question 1

Mention three key people and their contributions to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.

Answer 1

Albert Ellis – founder of REBT Aaron Beck – Founder of Cognitive therapy. Donald Meichenbaum – Cognitive behavior therapy

Question 2

What is Albert Ellis’s emphasis in therapy? What techniques would he use?
Describe how a warm and personal client/therapist relationship has relevance?

Answer 2

The client needs to feel unconditional positive regard from the therapist. Therapist does not blame or condemn clients; rather, he or she teaches them how to avoid rating and condemning themselves.No warm relationship is required.

Question 3

What are cognitive distortions? List at least three cognitive distortions and give an example of how a client may present this in therapy.

Answer 3

Beck maintains that systematic errors in reasoning lead to faulty assumptions and misconceptions, which he terms “cognitive distortions.” Examples include arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimizations, labeling and mislabeling, dichotomous thinking, and personalization.

Question 4

What is the purpose of Cognitive Behavior Modification? Who is the founder? Give an example of a client who would benefit from this form of therapy.

Answer 4

Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavioral modification process consists of helping clients interrupt the downward spiral of thinking, feeling, and behaving, and teaching them more adaptive ways of coping using the resources they bring to therapy.

Question 5

What is the process to uncover faulty thinking in the client? For what purpose is this technique utilized in cognitive behavior therapy?
Who is Glasser? What are the major contributions and beliefs of this person?

Answer 5

Reality therapy was developed by William Glasser in the 1950s and 1960s. Choice theory is concerned with the phenomenological world of the client and stresses the subjective way in which clients perceive and react to their world from an internal locus of evaluation.

Question 6

Cognitive behavior modification (CBM)

Answer 6

A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing the client’s self-verbalizations.

Question 7

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Answer 7

A treatment approach that aims at changing cognitions that are leading to psychological problems.

Question 8

Cognitive distortions

Answer 8

In cognitive therapy, the client’s misconceptions and faulty assumptions. Examples include arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimizations, labeling and mislabeling, dichotomous thinking, and personalization

Question 9

Cognitive restructuring

Answer 9

A process of actively altering maladaptive thought patterns and replacing them with constructive and adaptive thoughts and beliefs.

Question 10

Cognitive structure

Answer 10

The organizing aspect of thinking, which monitors and directs the choice of thoughts; implies an “executive processor,” one that determines when to continue, interrupt, or change thinking patterns.

Question 11

Cognitive therapy

Answer 11

An approach and set of procedures that attempts to change feelings and behavior by modifying faulty thinking and believing.

Question 12

Cognitive Triad

Answer 12

A pattern that triggers depression.

Question 13

Collaborative empiricism

Answer 13

A strategy of viewing the client as a scientist who is able to make objective interpretations. The process in which therapist and client work together to phrase the client’s faulty beliefs as hypotheses and design homework so that the client can test these hypotheses.

Question 14

Constructivist approach

Answer 14

A recent development in cognitive therapy that emphasizes the subjective framework and interpretations of the
client rather than looking to the objective bases
of faulty beliefs.

Question 15

Constructivist narrative perspective

Answer 15

An approach that focuses on the stories that people tell

about them themselves and others regarding significant events in their lives.

Question 16

Coping skills

Answer 16

A behavioral procedure for helping clients deal effectively with stressful situations by learning to modify their thinking patterns.

Question 17

Dichotomous thinking

Answer 17

A cognitive error that
involves categorizing experiences in either-or
extremes.

Question 18

Distortion of reality

Answer 18

Erroneous thinking that disrupts one’s life; can be contradicted by the client’s objective appraisal of the situation.

Question 19

Homework

Answer 19

Carefully designed and agreed
upon assignments aimed at getting clients to
carry out positive actions that induce emotional
and attitudinal change. These assignments are
checked in later sessions, and clients learn effective ways to dispute self-defeating thinking.

Question 20

Internal dialogue

Answer 20

The sentences that people
tell themselves and the debate that often goes on
“inside their head”; a form of self-talk, or inner
speech.

Question 21

Irrational belief

Answer 21

An unreasonable conviction

that leads to emotional and behavioral problems.

Question 22

Musturbation

Answer 22

A term coined by Ellis to refer
to behavior that is absolutist and rigid. We tell
ourselves that we must, should, or ought to do or
be something.

Question 23

Overgeneralization

Answer 23

A process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident
and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar
events or settings.

Question 24

Personalization

Answer 24

A tendency for people to relate external events to themselves, even when
there is no basis for making this connection.

Question 25

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Answer 25

A theory that is based on the assumption that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact significantly and have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 26

Rational emotive imagery

Answer 26

A form of intense mental practice for learning new emotional and physical habits. Clients imagine themselves thinking, feeling, and behaving in exactly the way they would like to in everyday situations.

Question 27

Rationality

Answer 27

The quality of thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that will help us attain our goals.

Question 28

T F 1. REBT makes use of both cognitive and behavioral techniques, but it does not use emotive techniques.

Answer 28

F

Question 29

T F 2. REBT stresses the importance of the therapist demonstrating unconditional positive regard for the client.

Answer 29

T

Question 30

T F 3. Cognitive therapy for depression | was developed by Meichenbaum.

Answer 30

F

Question 31

T F 4. A major contribution made by Ellis, the Becks, and Meichenbaum is the demystification of the therapy process.

Answer 31

T

Question 32

T F 5. Ellis shares Rogers’s view of the client–therapist relationship as a condition for change to occur within clients.

Answer 32

F

Question 33

T F 6. Beck developed a procedure known | as stress-inoculation training.

Answer 33

F

Question 34

T F 7. To feel worthwhile, human beings | need love and acceptance from significant others.

Answer 34

F

Question 35

T F 8. Ellis maintains that events themselves do not cause emotional disturbances; rather, it is our evaluation of and beliefs about these events that cause our problems.

Answer 35

T

Question 36

T F 9. A difference between Beck’s cognitive therapy and Ellis’s REBT is that Beck places more emphasis on helping clients discover their misconceptions for themselves than does Ellis.

Answer 36

T

Question 37

T F 10. According to Beck, people become disturbed when they label and evaluate themselves by a set of rules that are unrealistic.

Answer 37

T

Question 38

``` each question within the framework of cognitive behavior therapy. 11. Which of the following is not a part of stress inoculation training? a. Socratic discovery-oriented inquiry b. relaxation training c. behavioral rehearsals d. self-reinforcement e. exception questions ```

Answer 38

E

Question 39

REBT is based on the philosophical assumption that human beings are a. innately striving for selfactualization. b. determined by strong unconscious sexual and aggressive forces. c. potentially able to think rationally but have a tendency toward irrational thinking. d. trying to develop a lifestyle to overcome feelings of basic inferiority. e. determined strictly by environmental conditioning.

Answer 39

c

Question 40

13. REBT stresses that human beings a. think, emote, and behave simultaneously. b. think without emoting. c. emote without thinking. d. behave without emoting or thinking.

Answer 40

A

Question 41

14. REBT views neurosis as the result of a. inadequate mothering during infancy. b. failure to fulfill our existential needs. c. excessive feelings. d. irrational thinking and behaving.

Answer 41

d

Question 42

15. In cognitive behavioral group therapy a. there is some research that shows that this approach is effective for treating a wide range of emotional and behavioral problems. b. the group leader assumes a blank screen demeanor so as to enhance transference feelings of the members. c. the assumption is that a therapeutic atmosphere is both necessary and sufficient for change to occur. d. the group leader believes that using techniques interferes with the group process. e. the emphasis is on having members identify and express feelings.

Answer 42

a

Question 43

16. REBT contends that people a. have a need to be loved and accepted by everyone. b. need to be accepted by most people. c. will become emotionally sick if they are rejected. d. do not need to be accepted and loved. e. need to be accepted and will become sick if they are rejected

Answer 43

D

Question 44

``` 17. According to REBT, we develop emotional disturbances because of a. a traumatic event. b. our beliefs about certain events. c. abandonment by those we depend on for support. d. withdrawal of love and acceptance. ```

Answer 44

b

Question 45

``` 18. Meichenbaum’s focuses on helping clients become aware of their self-talk and the stories they tell about themselves. a. self-instructional training b. narrative therapy c. self-awareness conditioning d. self-talk analysis e. cognitive behavioral training ```

Answer 45

a

Question 46

``` 19. In cognitive therapy the assumption is that psychological problems stem from processes such as a. faulty thinking. b. making incorrect inferences on the basis of inadequate or incorrect information. c. failing to distinguish between fantasy and reality. d. negative automatic thoughts. e. all of the above. ```

Answer 46

e

Question 47

``` 20. Cognitive therapy is based on the assumption that a. our feelings determine our thoughts. b. our feelings determine our actions. c. cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. d. the best way to change thinking is to reexperience past emotional traumas in the here and now. e. insight is essential for any type of change to occur. ```

Answer 47

c

Question 48

``` 21. In cognitive therapy techniques are designed to a. assist clients in substituting rational beliefs for irrational beliefs. b. help clients experience their feelings more intensely. c. identify and test clients’ misconceptions and faulty assumptions. d. enable clients to deal with their existential loneliness. e. teach clients how to think only positive thoughts. ```

Answer 48

c

Question 49

``` 22. The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms or categorizing experiences in either-or extremes is known as a. magnification and exaggeration. b. polarized thinking. c. arbitrary inference. d. overgeneralization. e. none of the above. ```

Answer 49

b

Question 50

``` 23. Beck’s cognitive therapy differs from Ellis’s REBT in that Beck emphasizes a. a Socratic dialogue. b. helping clients discover their misconceptions by themselves. c. working with the client in collaborative ways. d. more structure in the therapeutic process. e. all of the above. ```

Answer 50

E

Question 51

``` 24. Beck’s cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of a. stress symptoms. b. psychosomatic reactions. c. phobias. d. depression. e. cardiovascular disorders. ```

Answer 51

D

Question 52

``` 25. In self-instructional training, which of the following is given primary importance? a. detecting and debating irrational thoughts b. the role of inner speech c. learning the A-B-C model of emotional disturbances d. identifying cognitive errors e. exploring feelings that are attached to early decisions ```

Answer 52

B

Question 53

Irrationality

Answer 53

consists of thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that are self-defeating and that thwart our goals

Question 54

Relapse prevention

Answer 54

Procedure for promoting long-term maintenance that involves identifying situations in which clients are likely to regress to old patterns and to develop coping skills in such situations.

Question 55

Schema

Answer 55

Core beliefs that are centrally related to dysfunctional behaviors. The process of cognitive therapy involves restructuring distorted core beliefs (or schema).

Question 56

Selective abstraction

Answer 56

A cognitive distortion that involves forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event.

Question 57

Self-instructional therapy

Answer 57

Self-instructional therapy An approach to therapy based on the assumption that what people say to themselves directly influences the things they do. Training consists of learning new selftalk aimed at coping with problems.

Question 58

Shame attacking exercises

Answer 58

Shame-attacking exercises A strategy used in REBT therapy that encourages people to do things despite a fear of feeling foolish or embarrassed. The aim of the exercise is to teach people that they can function effectively even if they might be perceived as doing foolish acts

Question 59

Socratic Dialogue

Answer 59

dialogue A process that cognitive therapists use in helping clients empirically test their core beliefs. Clients form hypotheses about their behavior through observation and monitoring.

Question 60

Stress inoculation

Answer 60

Individuals are given opportunities to deal with relatively mild stress stimuli in successful ways, so that they gradually develop a tolerance for stronger stimuli.

Question 61

Stress inoculation training (SIT)

Answer 61

Stress inoculation training (SIT) A form of cognitive behavior modification developed by Donald Meichenbaum that is a combination of information giving, Socratic discussion, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, relaxation training, behavioral rehearsals, self-monitoring, self-instruction, self-reinforcement, and modifying environmental situations

Question 62

Theraputic collaboration

Answer 62

A process whereby the therapist strives to engage the client’s active participation in all phases of therapy

Question 63

Choice Theory

Answer 63

The view that humans are internally motivated and behave to control the world around them according to some purpose within them. We are basically self-determining and create our own destiny.

Question 64

Commitment

Answer 64

The act of sticking to a realistic | plan aimed at change.

Question 65

Cycle of counseling

Answer 65

(1) creating the counseling environment and (2) implementing specific procedures that lead to changes in behavior.

Question 66

Paining behaviors

Answer 66

Choosing misery by developing symptoms (such as headaching, depressing, and anxietying) because these seem like the best behaviors available at the time.

Question 67

Percieved world

Answer 67

world The reality that we experience and interpret subjectively

Question 68

Picture album

Answer 68

An image of our specific wants | as well as precise ways to satisfy these wants

Question 69

Psychological needs

Answer 69

needs The needs for belonging, power, freedom, and fun; these are the forces that drive humans and explain behavior

Question 70

Quality world

Answer 70

The perceptions and images we | have of how we can fulfill our basic psychological needs; another phrase for picture album

Question 71

Reality therapy Based on choice theory,

Answer 71

Reality therapy Based on choice theory, this approach provides a way of implementing therapeutic procedures for helping individuals take more effective control of their lives.

Question 72

Responsibilty

Answer 72

Satisfying one’s needs in ways that do not interfere with others’ fulfilling their needs.

Question 73

SAMIC3

Answer 73

SAMIC3 An acronym pertaining to the essence of a good action plan: simple, attainable, measurable, immediate, involved, controlled by the planner, committed to, and continuously done.

Question 74

Self-evaluation

Answer 74

Clients’ assessment of current behavior to decide whether it is working and if what they are doing is meeting their needs. It is the cornerstone of reality therapy procedures

Question 75

Total Behavior

Answer 75

The integrated components of acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology. Choice theory assumes that all elements of behavior are interrelated.

Question 76

WDEP system

Answer 76

WDEP system The key procedures applied to the practice of reality therapy groups. The strategies help clients identify their wants, determine the direction their behavior is taking them, make self-evaluations, and design plans for change.

Question 77

D(disputing) what are the three components?

Answer 77

Detecting, debating, and discriminating.

Question 78

What are 2 main goals of REBT?

Answer 78

Unconditional self-acceptance (USA) + Unconditional other acceptance (UOA)

Question 79

The theoretical assumptions of cognitive therapy are:

Answer 79

1. That peoples internal communication is accessible to introspection 2. That clients’ beliefs have highly personal meanings 3. That these meanings can be discovered by the client rather than being taught or interpreted by the therapist

Question 80

What are the five “genetically encoded needs:” as suggested in Choice theory?

Answer 80

we are born with five genetically encoded needs that drive us all our lives: survival, or self-preservation; love and belonging; power, or inner control; freedom, or independence; and fun, or enjoyment.

Question 81

Total behavior verb forms

Answer 81

the verb forms depressing, headaching, angering, and anxietying to describe them.

Question 82

What are the characteristics that define reality therapy?

Answer 82

What are the characteristics that define reality therapy? emphasize choice and responsibility reject transference keep the therapy in the present avoid focusing on symptoms challenge traditional views of mental illness

Question 83

Goal of reality therapy

Answer 83

Reality therapists assist clients in making more effective and responsible choices related to their wants and needs. Corey, Gerald (2012-01-01). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (Page 340). Cengage Textbook. Kindle Edition.

Question 84

Relationships between therapist and client in reality therapy

Answer 84

Reality therapy emphasizes an understanding and supportive relationship, or therapeutic alliance, which is the foundation for effective outcomes

Question 85

TorF 1. What is important is not the way the real world exists but the way we perceive the world to exist.

Answer 85

T

Question 86

T F 2. Choice theory is the framework for | the practice of reality therapy.

Answer 86

T

Question 87

T F 3. A good way to change behavior is | for us to be self-critical.

Answer 87

F

Question 88

T F 4. It is important to explore the past as | a way to change current behavior.

Answer 88

F

Question 89

T F 5. One of the therapist’s functions is to | make judgments about clients’ present behavior.

Answer 89

F

Question 90

T F 6. The focus of reality therapy is on attitudes and feelings

Answer 90

F

Question 91

T F 7. The use of contracts is often part of | reality therapy

Answer 91

T

Question 92

T F 8. Reality therapy is grounded on | some existential concepts

Answer 92

T

Question 93

T F 9. It is the client’s responsibility to decide on the goals of therapy.

Answer 93

T

Question 94

T F 10. Appropriate punishment is an effective way to change behavior

Answer 94

F

Question 95

11. The founder of reality therapy is a. Albert Ellis. b. Albert Bandura. c. Joseph Wolpe. d. Robert Wubbolding. e. William Glasser.

Answer 95

E

Question 96

12. According to this approach, insight a. is necessary before behavior change can occur. b. is not necessary for producing behavior change. c. will come only with changed attitudes. d. can be given to the client by the teachings of the therapist. e. will be discovered by the client alone.

Answer 96

B

Question 97

13. The view of human nature underlying reality therapy is a. that we have a need for identity. b. that we have the need to feel loved and to love others. c. that we need to feel worthwhile to ourselves and others. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

Answer 97

d

Question 98

``` 14. Which is not a key concept of reality therapy? a. focus on the present b. unconscious motivation c. self-evaluations d. involvement as part of the therapy process e. responsibility ```

Answer 98

B

Question 99

``` 15. Which of the following is not true of reality therapy? a. It is based on the premise that acting and thinking are chosen behaviors. b. Clients must make commitments. c. Therapists do not accept excuses or blaming. d. Therapy is a didactic process. e. Working through the transference relationship is essential for therapy to occur. ```

Answer 99

E

Question 100

16. Regarding the goals of reality therapy, a. it is the therapist’s responsibility to decide specific goals for clients. b. it is the client’s responsibility to decide goals. c. the goals of therapy should be universal to all clients. d. society must determine the proper goals for all clients. e. both (c) and (d) are true.

Answer 100

B

Question 101

``` 17. In reality therapy, our quality world is likened to a. a picture album. b. a reality TV show. c. an expensive sports car. d. a celebrity’s life. e. none of the above. ```

Answer 101

A

Question 102

18. Which statement is not true of reality therapy? a. It is based on a personal relationship. b. It focuses on attitude change as a prerequisite for behavior change. c. Planning is essential. d. The focus is on the client’s strengths.

Answer 102

B

Question 103

19. Reality therapy was designed originally for working with a. elementary school children. b. youthful offenders in detention facilities. c. alcoholics. d. drug addicts. e. people with marital conflicts.

Answer 103

B

Question 104

``` 20. Which of the following would not be used by a reality therapist? a. analysis of the transference relationship b. hypnosis c. the analysis of dreams d. the search for causes of current problems e. all of the above ```

Answer 104

E

Question 105

``` 21. Which of the following statements is true as it applies to choice theory? a. Behavior is the result of external forces. b. We are controlled by the events that occur in our lives. c. We can control the behavior of others by learning to actively listen to them. d. We are motivated completely by internal forces, and our behavior is our best attempt to get what we want. e. We can control our feelings more easily than our actions. ```

Answer 105

D

Question 106

``` 22. According to Glasser, all of the following are basic psychological needs except for a. competition. b. belonging. c. power. d. freedom. e. fun. ```

Answer 106

A

Question 107

23. An axiom of choice theory is that a. the past is the problem. b. although the past may have contributed to a current problem the past is never the problem. c. all serious problems are rooted in unconscious drives that dictate behavior. d. mental illness is the cause of bad choices people make.

Answer 107

B

Question 108

24. Sometimes it seems as though people actually choose to be miserable (depressed). Glasser explains the dynamics of depressing as being based on a. keeping anger under control. b. getting others to help us. c. excusing our unwillingness to do something more effective. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

Answer 108

D

Question 109

``` 25. All of the following are procedures in reality therapy that are said to lead to change except for a. exploring wants, needs, and perceptions. b. focusing on current behavior. c. the therapist’s evaluating of the client’s behavior. d. the client’s evaluating of his or her own behavior. e. the client’s committing to a plan of action. ```

Answer 109

C