10/09-10/15

Question 1

Broca’s Area

Answer 1

Controls speech production. If it was damaged, the person would have BROKEN (BROCA) control of their speech.

Question 2

Wernicke’s area

Answer 2

Controls language generation/understanding. If it was damaged, the person would have a WACKY (WERNICKE) understanding of speech - words make no sense.

Question 3

Brain Plasticity
(neuroplasticity)

Answer 3

Neural modification after damage:
The brain builds new pathways and modifications after mishaps and new experiences. It is more adaptable in early life.

Question 4

Aphasia

Answer 4

Damage to Broca’s or Wernicke’s area.

Question 5

Corpus Callosum

Answer 5

Linking the left and right hemispheres
-Neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying info between them.

Question 6

Split Brain

Answer 6

Severed corpus callosum:
-Procedure often used to treat seizures
-Provides insight into the specialization of the two hemispheres.

Question 7

Cortex Specialization

Answer 7

Each cortex has a specific role.

Question 8

Contralateral Hemispheric Organization

Answer 8

• Each hemisphere represents the opposite side of the body

Question 9

Neurogenesis

Answer 9

Forming new neurons

Question 10

Consciousness

Answer 10

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment. Helps us cope with novelty and act in our best interests

Question 11

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 11

Combines the study of brain activity with how we learn, think, remember, and perceive. Researchers are exploring and mapping the conscious functions of the cortex.

Question 12

Blindsight

Answer 12

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.
- Visual Perception vs Visual Action Tracks.

Question 13

Parallel Processing

Answer 13

Performing multiple tasks at a time.
- Generally used to process well-learned info or solve easy problems.

Question 14

Serial Processing

Answer 14

Single task at a time, only moving to the next when the current one is completed.
- Generally used to process new information or solve difficult problems.

Question 15

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 15

Bodies roughly synchronize with the 24-hour cycle of day and night thanks to an internal biological clock.
- Impacts our sleep-wake cycle, temperature, and hormonal and digestive cycles as well. Regulated by the SCN in the hypothalamus.

Question 16

EEG Patterns

Answer 16

• Delta : Slow, less than 4 Hz, are often large in amplitude, and are a hallmark of deep sleep.
• Theta : 4-7 Hz and can occur during both sleeping and waking states.
• Alpha : 8-13 Hz, are largest over the occipital cortex; associated with quiet, waking states.
• Beta : 14-30 Hz, associated with relaxed but active attention.
• Gamma : relatively fast, ranging from about 30-90 Hz, and signal an active or attentive cortex; concentration.
  (LOWER HZ : LESS ACTIVE, MORE SLEEPY)

Question 17

NREM

Answer 17

Synchronized brain waves, little to no sensation, some dreaming.
- Stage 1 NREM: Transition stage, light sleep; may experience hypnagogic sensations: fantastic images resembling hallucinations; sensations of falling
- Stage 2 NREM: Asleep, but can easily awake. Spindles and K-complexes are characteristic.
1) Spindles: brief 8–14 Hz waves associated with sleep
2) K complex: high-amplitude sharp waves
- Stage 3&4 NREM: Deep sleep; Hard to awaken; Characteristic long delta-waves

Question 18

Hypnagogic Sensations

Answer 18

False perceptions of falling.

Question 19

REM

Answer 19

Rapid Eye Movement : Non-synchronized brain waves, vivid dreams, muscle paralysis.
- Beta and Gamma waves characteristic of wakefulness, vivid dreams, characteristic eye movements.

Question 20

Paradoxical sleep

Answer 20

Your brain says you’re awake, but your body says you’re asleep. paralysis occurs, the dreaming mind is trying to command the body, but GABA and glycine prevent it from happening.

Question 21

Jet Lag

Answer 21

Condition characterized by various psychological and physiological effects (fatigue and irritability)
- Occurs following long flight through several time zones.
- Results from disruption of circadian rhythms in the human body.

Question 22

REM Rebound

Answer 22

A response to sleep deprivation/disturbance where people spend more time in the REM stage.
- Suggests that our body needs REM sleep and will do what it takes to get it.
- Supported by cognitive development of early years and needed for reduced sleep in later life.

Question 23

Activation Synthesis Theory

Answer 23

The brain electrical signals continue even when you are sleeping.
- Sounds, flashing light, an itch, physical discomfort, that occur while you are unconscious, will send random signals to the brain that will be interpreted by the cortex.
- Dreams are generated by the higher centers of the cortex to explain these signals

Question 24

Consolidation Theory

Question 25

Insomnia

Answer 25

Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep or get a good quality sleep.
- Acute insomnia - A brief isolated episode of not being able to fall asleep
- Chronic insomnia - Difficulty falling asleep for a period of tie
- Comorbid insomnia - Insomnia that occurs with another condition such as bipolar disorder
- Maintenance insomnia - The inability to stay asleep.
- Sleeping pills and alcohol aggravates insomnia by suppressing REM

Question 26

Narcolepsy

Answer 26

Overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep.
- Caused by lack of brain chemical called hypocretin, which regulates sleep; can be genetic.

Question 27

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Question 28

Sleep Apnea

Answer 28

Temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings; tend to be loud snorers.
- Causes : Throat muscles relax, airways collapse/narrow, increased risk with obesity.
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Machine (CPAP): Increases air pressure in your throat so that your airway doesn’t collapse when you breathe in.

Question 29

Somnambulism

Answer 29

Sleepwalking
- Genetically linked
- Usually harmless. After returning to their bed on their own or with the help of a family member, few sleepwalkers recall their trip the next morning.
- Young children who have the deepest and lengthiest NREM-3 sleep are the most likely to experience somnambulism/sleepwalking.

Question 30

Microsleep

Answer 30

Dozing off for a few seconds without realizing; moving from alpha waves into a brief period of theta waves.

Question 31

Cataplexy

Answer 31

This can cause problems ranging from slurred speech to total body collapse, depending on the muscles involved. It’s often triggered by intense emotions such as surprise, laughter, or anger.
- Hallucinations
- Sleep paralysis

Question 32

Night Terrors

Answer 32

High arousal and appearance of being terrified.
- Unlike nightmares, which occur during REM.
- Usually don’t remember the event after waking up.
- Young children who have the deepest and lengthiest NREM-3 sleep are the most likely to experience night terrors.

Question 33

Bruxism

Answer 33

Teeth grinding

Question 34

Enuresis

Answer 34

Bed wetting

Question 35

Myoclonus

Answer 35

Sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage one sleep. Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus.

Question 36

Frontal Cortex

Answer 36

Provides memories and concepts that are brought into dreams

Question 37

Sensory Cortex

Answer 37

Visual and auditory - providing hearing or seeing in your dream

Question 38

Motor Cortex

Answer 38

Although you usually cannot physically move during a dream, you are experiencing movement in your dreams

Question 39

Limbic System

Answer 39

Involved in the emotional part of dreams