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XR Physics > 1. XR Production > Flashcards

1. XR Production Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe nomenclature for elements

A

X: chemical symbol for atom
A: mass number (protons + neutrons)
Z: atomic number (protons)

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2
Q

How does atomic number influence binding energy?

A

increase Z, binding energy

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3
Q

what is binding energy?

A

energy required to free an electron from a shell

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4
Q

How does distance between nucleus and electron impact binding energy?

A

decreases binding energy

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5
Q

Describe elecromagnetic radiation?

A

wave of energy that can travel in vacuum, travels at 3 x 10 to the 8 m/s

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6
Q

Describe relationship of frequency and wavelength

A

inverse

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7
Q

Frequency

A

cycles/second

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8
Q

wavelength

A

distance between peaks

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9
Q

energy required to become ionizing radiation

A

15 ev

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10
Q

small wavelength = ? energy

A

high

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11
Q

gamma rays

A

emitted by nucleus; given during atom decay

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12
Q

x-ray

A

interactions between electrons/atoms

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13
Q

alpha particle and net charge

A

2 protons, 2 neutrons; net charge 2+, very attractive to electrons

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14
Q

beta particle

A

electron ejected from nucleus

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15
Q

isotopes

A

element with different number of neutrons and mass number A; same Z

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16
Q

maximum number of electrons that a shell can hold

A

2n to the second power

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17
Q

which shell has the higher binding force?

A

innermost shell, K > L > M

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18
Q

what is the kinetic energy of bound particles?

A

negative, most negative potential in the innermost shell

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19
Q

at what kinetic energy can the electron break free or reach binding energy?

A

0

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20
Q

synonym for binding energy

A

ionization potential; energy needed to remove electron from atom

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21
Q

what can increase/decrease binding energy?

A

increase: more protons
decrease: farther distance from nucleus

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22
Q

characteristic energy of an emitted x-ray/photo depends on?

A

atom involved and electron shell involved

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23
Q

Why is tungsten filament used ?

A

1) high melting temperature (>2000 degrees) so electrons can be “boiled off” thermionic emission;
2) high atomic number makes it a good the thermionic emitter

24
Q

tungsten filament is anode or cathode?

A

cathode, negative end; slight positive charge so electrons go to anode

25
Q

3 ways electrons lose kinetic energy

A

excitation, ionization, radiative losses (Bremsstrahlung)

26
Q

electron cloud around the filament

A

space charge

27
Q

Space Charge effect

A

space charge limits the emission of electrons

28
Q

milliampere, mA

A

unit used to describe current; quantity of electrons moving from cathode to anode; electrons/sec moving from filament to target

29
Q

effect of doubling mA

A

doubles the xrays

30
Q

KvP affects quality or quantity?

A

both

31
Q

mA affects quantity or quality?

A

quantity

32
Q

goal of focusing cup?

A

keep electrons together as their negative charge will keep make them spread/separate

33
Q

Why does the anode rotate?

A

to disperse heat over larger surface area as the xrays hit it; prevent anode from melting; it is usually connected to a molybdenum stem

34
Q

what is the focal spot?

A

target zone for electrons from the cathode filament

35
Q

apparent/effective focal spot vs actual focal spot

A

actual: where electrons land
apparenet: where x-rays land on patient (affects blur)

36
Q

smaller anode has better/worse spatial resolution?

A

better

37
Q

downside of small anode

A

can’t disperse heat, more prone to melt; can get around by angling anode or rotating anode

38
Q

mammo focal spot

A

0.3-0.1 mm

39
Q

xray focal spot

A

0.6-1.2 mm

40
Q

portable x-ray device uses rotating vs stationary anode?

A

stationary

41
Q

small focal spot results in ?

A

best resolution; lower heat tolerance

42
Q

Line Focus Principal

A

angling target (anode) will keep actual focal spot large but effective focal spot small

43
Q

small angle = ___ effective focal spot = ___ heel effect

A

small, greater (heel cut off)

44
Q

Heel effect

A

loss of xray energy due to angling of target

45
Q

smaller angle = ___ heel effect

A

worsening, loss of energy

46
Q

highest intensity in heel effect is on the ____ side

A

cathode side (used in mammo); cathode is against the chest wall

vertical orientation with a CXR with cathode at lung bases/lower thoracic spine

47
Q

larger focus to film distance, the _____ the heel effect

A

less

48
Q

smaller film = ____ heel effect

A

less; central beam is most uniform

49
Q

how does increasing Z impact Bremsstrahlung curve?

A

increase atomic number increases overall xrays produced; increases quantity; no change in characteristic peaks or quality

50
Q

How does kVP influence quantity/quality?

A

increase, quantiy increases as a square of kvp

51
Q

kvp define

A

maximum or peak energy of electron stream

52
Q

what is the relationship between mA and quantity?

A

direct; increasing mA increase electrons

53
Q

15% rule?

A

increasing kVP by 15%, decrease mA by 1/2 to maintain same xray intesnsity

decrease kVP 15%, double mA

54
Q

single vs three phase generator for kVP?

A

triple phase is better at keeping kVP constant, but peak of curve is still not changed; triple phase has less ripple (more quantity/quality)

55
Q

half value layer

A

amount of material attenuates x ay to half original output; depends on photon energy ; each consecutive HVL is greater than the last since the weaker photons are shifted out

56
Q

HVL on quality and quantity

A 
increases quality (filters out weaker photons)
decreases quantity (filters out weaker photons)
57
Q

what is the 10th HVL?

A

thickenes of material that can attenuate 90% of xrays, used for shielding calculations

XR Physics (6 decks)

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