1. What is Life? The Human Body

Question 1

What is Anatomy?

Answer 1

The branch of science that deals with the study of structures within the body and their physical relationships

e.g structure of heart: made up of four chambers

Question 2

What are the levels of anatomy?

Answer 2

Gross Anatomy

Surface Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy

Developmental Anatomy

Question 3

What is gross anatomy?

Answer 3

Gross anatomy refers to structures that can be examined without needing specialised equipment, such as a microscope, and can be seen with the naked eye.

includes systemic and regional types of examinations.

Systemic: studying the body by system
Regional: studying the body area by area

Question 4

What is surface anatomy?

Answer 4

Refers to the study of the external body and its relationship to deeper structures.

Question 5

What is microscopic anatomy?

Answer 5

The study of structures with the aid of a microscope. includes two types of study

histology: study of tissues
cytology: study of cells

Question 6

what is developmental anatomy?

Answer 6

the study of structural changes occurring within the body that happen throughout the lifespan. majority of the development happens during fetal stages.
developmental anatomy refers to changes between fertilisation and death.

Question 7

What is physiology?

Answer 7

A branch of science that focuses on the function of organisms and their parts.

how the parts/ structures function in an organism

Question 8

What are the levels of physiology?

Answer 8

Molecular: study of processes & interactions within a cell (proteins and how they form channels in cell membrane)

Cellular: examines the process occurring inside cells (how cells form energy via food)

Systemic: study of functions of organ systems (neurophysiologist studying function of nervous system)

Question 9

What are the levels of organisation?

Answer 9

Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level

Question 10

What is the chemical level of organisation?

Answer 10

How atoms interact and combine into molecules (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

Question 11

What is the cellular level of organisation?

Answer 11

How molecules from chemical level interact and combine to form organelles. (nucleus, mitochondria)

Question 12

What is the tissue level in the levels of organisation?

Answer 12

similar cell types, surrounding materials and tissue joining together to form a tissue type. (smooth muscle cells joining to form smooth muscle)

Question 13

What is the organ level in the levels of organisation?

Answer 13

Two or more tissue types forming an organ that performs one or more functions (bladder)

Question 14

what is the organ system level in the levels of organisation?

Answer 14

a group of organs performing a common function. this makes up an organ system. (urinary system)

Question 15

What is the organism level in the levels of organisation?

Answer 15

Anything living considered as a whole. the final level

Question 16

What are the characteristics of an organism?

Answer 16

Organisation
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction

Question 17

What is organisation (characteristics of organism)?

Answer 17

specific relationships/interactions among parts of an organism —> how they perform functions

Question 18

What is metabolism (characteristics of organisation)?

Answer 18

The ability to use energy and perform vital functions

Question 19

What is responsiveness (characteristics of organism)?

Answer 19

The ability to sense and adjust to environmental changes

Question 20

What is growth (characteristics of organism)

Answer 20

An increase in size or number of cells - overall enlargement of the organism

Question 21

What is development (characteristics of organism)?

Answer 21

the changes an organism goes through in their lifetime

Question 22

What is reproduction (characteristics of organism)?

Answer 22

the formation of new cells and new organisms. all living things pass on their genes to the offspring

Question 23

What is homeostasis?

Answer 23

The maintenance of a relatively constant environment inside the body

Question 24

What are homeostatic mechanisms

Answer 24

Systems that maintain conditions near a set point
sweating or shivering to regulate body temperature

Question 25

Explain normal range and negative feedback for homeostasis

Answer 25

Normal range refers to slight fluctuations above or below the set point

Negative feedback refers to mechanisms that return variables to the normal range.
- e.g. when body temp rises, sweat glands produce sweat to cool the body.

Question 26

Types of homeostatic changes

Answer 26

Minor: Temporary adjustments (blood glucose levels when hungry or full)

Major: Require time or medical intervention (major blood loss requires medical attention)

Question 27

Types of homeostatic changes

Answer 27

Minor: Temporary adjustments (blood glucose levels when hungry or full)

Major: Require time or medical intervention (major blood loss requires medical attention)