1 what drives them? Flashcards
the phenomenon where your behavior is determined by ur level of confidence in your own abilities
self efficacy
goal-setting theory
canvas: behavior is directed by the nature of our internal and external goals
what that means:
Motivated behavior must include goals
* Purposefulness and intentionality
* Needs → motives → goals →performance (→ = influence)
* Specific difficult goals lead to higher levels of performance
* People that set specific difficult goals perform better than those who set “do your best”
goal or no goal
* Goal acceptance: goal has been assigned
Goal commitment: not only assigned but also self-set goals
task characteristics
canvas: behavior is directed by core task characteristics, but their influence varies across individuals
this means:
expectancy theory
canvas: behavior is directed by its expected results
need theory
canvas: behavior is directed by yet unfulfilled basic needs
what this means:
need theories state that when our needs are unfulfilled, we direct our motivation to do things that will fulfill them.
this manifests biologically with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs e.g.
equity theory
canvas: behavior is directed by a comparison between your own effort and outcomes, and the effort and outcomes of others
motivation
involves conditioned responses for the factors (thinking logic, planning, prioritize goals) that impulse you to act, rather than just having thoughts
person as machine
the person has a passive response to stimuli, the behaviors are reflexive, without conscious awareness
person as scientist
reflective people, people gather info and they try to understand or master the environment
person as judge
analysis of themselves and environment to decide if the course of actions would lead to something positive or negative
what theories fit into the “person as machine” category?
Maslow’s need theory
Herzberg’s two-factor theory
reinforcement theory
Maslow’s need theory + criticism
when we are young we are more focused on physical wellbeing, and when we get older we focus on our personal development.
5 needs organized hierarchically and built on each other: physiological needs, security needs, love or social needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs.
He believed that all needs are universal, internal motivations that are inborn. All humans have a basic set of needs, automatic behavior.
book:
Criticism: these needs apply to all living creatures, including animals.
Herzberg two-factor theory
Hygienic factors- will make an employee work less if theres poor hygiene so having a clean space will eliminate dissatisfaction.
Motivation factors- will make the employee work harder
herzberg’s is basically a variation of maslows that argues that there’s only 2 basic needs. where one takes away dissatisfaction and the other one gives positive satisfaction
example:
Reinforcement theory
behavior depends on stimulus, response and rewards.
Contingent (everytime the correct response is shown) and intermittent rewards (only some times when the response is shown)
Criticism: impractical, difficult to implement in real life, jobs are hard to organise in terms of needed reinforcement.
what theories make part of “person as scientist”
Vroom’s VIE theory /expectancy theory
Equity theory + dissonance theory
organizational justice theory
loyola layola
what are the 3 components of motivation
- direction/choice of behavior; what a person is trying to do, the direction creates a vision which drives the next 2 aspects
- intensity of action (effort), how hard person is trying
- duration ; persistence of the behavior over time
in herzbeg’s 2 factor theory, what does hygiene and motivation needs represent in Maslow’s theory?
hygiene–> physical and security
motivation needs–> social, esteem and actualization
what are the 4 mechanisms or inermediate states in the goal-setting theory
Direction – directing attention and action
o Effort/intensity – mobilizing energy or effort
o Persistence – prolonged effort over time
o Strategy – relevant strategies for goal attainment
according to goal setting theory (person as judge) what is feedback loop
between knowledge of results and intermediate states between goal
commitment and performance
o Individual evaluates his or her performance and may change the intermediate
states
according to goal setting theory (person as judge) what is control theory
individual compares a standard (a goal) to actual outcome and adjusts
behavior to bring the outcome in agreement with the standard
o Practical issues to be addressed:
▪ Should goals be related to quantity or quality of performance? Both
▪ Goals related to process or outcomes? Simple outcome goals lead quicker
to high performance
▪ How should they be set? Assign or set them by oneself? – cultural issues
▪ How difficult should the goal be? 10-20% above current ability
▪ When to get rewards? All-or -nothing basis? Easy goals →
underperformance, Difficult goals → quitting
▪ Individual vs group goals?
what is missing factors of goal setting theory (judge)
they need to integrate variables such as knowledge and skill into the model
self-efficacy theory and how is it different to self esteem?
- by Bandura
- Self-efficacy: belief in one’s own capability to perform a specific task or reach a specific goal (not self-esteem which also has a social aspect)
different to self esteem:
More related to motivation and behavior
o Self-esteem more related to emotions
how can self efficacy be developed and increased?
Mastery experiences – successful performance of a challenging task
o Modeling – comparing capabilities to others, if someone similar to oneself can
succeed, own efficacy is strengthened
o Social persuasion – encouragement by others
o Physiological states – stress or fatigue indicates the task exceeds their abilities ,
techniques that reduce stress and fatigue increase feeling of self-efficacy
what fits into the “person as intentional (judge)” metaphor?
goal setting theory
feedback loop
control theory
self-efficacy
Job characteristics theory/model (maybe its not so ask tutor
and justice at work topic
