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Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual system - Lee Ann Remington > 1 - Visual System > Flashcards

1 - Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

Which chamber is the crystalline lens located in?

A

Posterior Chamber

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2
Q

What is called when the lens changes shape when the object is close to the eye?

A

Accommodation

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3
Q

Since the globe is spherical, what is the reference used?

Hint: Center of the Cornea

A

Anterior pole

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4
Q

What is the term called when “toward the sclera” is mentioned?

A

Sclerad.

The opposite would be the Vitread - towards the VH

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5
Q

If a pt. is myopic, what kind of lens would you place in front of their eye to correct this emmetropization?

A

Concave

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6
Q

When using the keratometer, how much area is measured of the cornea?

A

3 to 4 mm.

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7
Q

What type of test can let you observe the smoothness of the corneal surface?

A

Keratometer

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8
Q

What type of device is excellent for resolving difficult CL issues and can indicate the curvature of the cornea at specific points?

A

Automated Corneal Topographer

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9
Q

What is the inside of the eye called?

A

Fundus

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10
Q

What instrument allows for a stereoscope view of the Fundus?

A

BIO (Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope)

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11
Q

What instrument should be used when viewing the exterior of the eye?

A

Biomicroscope

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12
Q

What 3 criteria does a Perimeter measure?

A

Extent, completeness and sensitivity of the visual field.

Note: A computerized perimeter can even tell you probabilites of visual defects.

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13
Q

Body structures are made of one or more of what basic tissues?

A

Epithelial, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue and Nervous Tissue.

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14
Q

Define tissue.

A

A collection of similiar cells that are specialized to perform a common function.

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15
Q

What type of cells or tissue cover the external surface of a structure or cavity?

A

Epithelial

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16
Q

Epithelial cells that lie on the bottom of a layer will be attached to what type of tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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17
Q

Name 2 parts of what the basement membrane is made of?

A

Basal Lamina and Reticular Lamina

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18
Q

What type of cells is the Basal Lamina secreted from?

A

Epithelial cells

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19
Q

What is the Reticular Lamina made of?

A

Connective tissue

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20
Q

What type of surface rests on the basement membrane, Basal or Apical?

A

Basal surface.

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21
Q

Name 3 classification of epithelial cells.

A

Squamous - flat and platelike
Cuboidal - equal in height and weight
Columnar - Higher in length, than its width

Note: When epithelium is only one layer, it is considered to be simple

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22
Q

What type of special simple squamous layer lines certain cavities of the body?

A

Endothelium

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23
Q

When epithelium consists of multiple layers, what would the epithelium be considered?

A

Stratified

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24
Q

Epithelial cells that are adapted for secretion are referred to as?

A

Glands

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25
Q

What is the difference between Exocrine and Endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine - secrete into ducts

Endocrine - secrete into the bloodstream

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26
Q

What type of gland secrete complete cells laden with secretory material?

A

Holocrine glands

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27
Q

What type of gland secretes only part of the cell cytoplasm?

A

Apocrine glands

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28
Q

What type of gland can secrete its material without the usage of its cellular component?

A

Merocrine glands

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29
Q

Name 3 gland type, solely based on their composition of secretion.

A

Mucous, Sebaceous and Serous

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30
Q

Name 3 basic products, Connective tissue is made of.

A

1) Fiber
2) Cells
3) Ground substance - is made of the matrix, which further consists of glycogen, water and insoluble protein fibers

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31
Q

Based on fiber arrangement, what type of tissue is considered either regular or irregular?

A

Connective Tissue

32
Q

What type of flat cells that produce ground substance can be found in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

33
Q

What type of phagocytic cell can be found in connective tissue?

A

Macrophages

34
Q

What cell contains heparin and histamine? This cell can be found in connective tissue.

A

Mast cells

35
Q

What type of fatty tissue can also be found in Connective tissue?

A

Adipose tissue

36
Q

What type of fibers, that can be found in the eye, have high tensile strength, delicate reticular fibers and elastic fibers?

A

Collagen fibers

37
Q

What do Collagen fibers consist of?

A

Composed of protein macromolecules of tropocollagen. They have a coiled helix of 3 polypeptide chains, which has a banded pattern.

38
Q

What are amorphous ground substance made up of?

A

Glycosaminoglycans and long-chain carbohydrates

39
Q

What type of muscle tissue can be subdivided into skeletal and cardiac muscle but show both light and dark band patterns?

A

Striated

Note: Skeletal - Voluntary
Cardiac - Involuntary

40
Q

What type of muscle has a centrally located nucleus and undergoes involuntary control by the ANS?

41
Q

Name the 2 types of nerve cells.

A

1) Neurons- Specialized cells that react to a stimulus and conduct a nerve impulse
2) Neuroglia - provide structure and metabolic support

42
Q

What type of neuron cell body has several cytoplasmic projections?

A

Perikaryon

43
Q

Projections that conduct impulses “to” the cell body are done by?

44
Q

What conducts impulses “away” from the cell body?

45
Q

What type of cells secrete lipoprotein material, myelin, and then covers fibers?

A

Schwann Cells

46
Q

Depending on certain locations but in general what is the ratio neuroglial cells outnumber neurons by?

A

between (10-50) :1

47
Q

Name 3 neuroglial cells.

A

1) Astrocytes - gives structural support and contributes to the nutrition of neurons
2) Oligodendrocytes - Produce myelin in the CNS where there are no schwann cells
3) Microglia - Has phagocytic properties and increase in number in areas of damage or disease

48
Q

What part of the lipid bilayer is hydrophobic?

A

Center of the membrane

49
Q

What type of protein fiber is the largest and composed of protein tubulin?

A

Microtubules

50
Q

What part of the structure within the cytoplasm that gives the cell structure, support and also provide intracellular transport?

A

Cytoskeleton

51
Q

What is a genome?

A

Genes within the chromosome

52
Q

What organelle provides for protein and lipid synthesis?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

53
Q

Which organelle produces fatty acids, steroids and lipids?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

54
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modify ad repackage proteins

55
Q

What is considered the powerhouse of the cell and what is the does it supply the cell with?

A

Mitochondria and it provides ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

56
Q

Where in the Mitochondria does the biochemical process of ATP production occur?

57
Q

Which organelle is responsible of taking up old organelles or bacteria and then break them down for reuse?

A

Lysosomes. They have powerful enzymes which help break down these items.

58
Q

True of False. Passive diffusion occurs when molecules pass from a higher to lower concentration?

A

True. No energy is required either

59
Q

What create water filled passages linking the intracellular and extracellular spaces?

A

Channel proteins

60
Q

What is the rate at which ion’s can travel through channel proteins? Is this rate faster or slower than the rate at which an ion can enter or exit the cell?

A

Rate: 1 million ions per second

No. About 10 million ions per second can enter or exit a cell.

61
Q

True or False. Ion channels can be gated and are specific to ion type.

A

False. It is true that ion channels can be either closed or open gated channels. However it is not true that ion channels are specific to ion type, molecule size or charge. Therefore it is not exclusive to just ion type

62
Q

What type of diffusion does a carrier protein bind to a substrate and allow it to move across the membrane?

A

Facilitative diffusion

63
Q

True or False. Transporters and co-transporters move substances against the concentration gradient and require a steady amount of ATP?

64
Q

Where are Na+/K+ ATPase pumps generally located when transporting epithelia?

A

Basolateral Membranes

65
Q

What bidirectional channels that are composed of major intrinsic proteins that specific allow water passage?

A

Aquaporins

66
Q

What is the ratio of water permeability when aquaporins are present vs. membranes without aquaporins?

67
Q

In regards to construction of cellular components, what are the basic building blocks?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids and Amino acids.

68
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced when 1 turn of glucose?

A

36 to 38 ATP are made

Note: 2 ATP per molecule are produced

69
Q

What is the primary function of intracellular junctions?

A

Joins epithelial cells to one another

70
Q

Tight junctions are connected to what part of the cell?

A

Cytoskeleton

71
Q

What type of tight junction forms a belt or zone around an entire cell?

A

Zonula Occludens

72
Q

What type of epithelia cells do the surface constantly get sloughed off?

A

Stratified Epithelia

73
Q

What is the main difference between Zonula Occuldens and Zonula Adherens?

A

Zonula Adherens have a seperated adjacent plama membranes

74
Q

What is a round and button-like intracellular junction called?

A

Macula Occludens or Macula Adherens

75
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

A strong, spotlike attachment between cells

76
Q

What is the function of a hemidesmosome?

A

Connection between the basement membrane and the underlying connective tissue.

77
Q

Gap junctions are formed by a group of proteins called?

Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual system - Lee Ann Remington (5 decks)

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