1 - TOPICAL ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS

Question 1

Bacitracin is a topical antibacterial agent used for wound care and minor bacterial infections

Answer 1

True (can be combined with Polymyxin B and possibly also Neomycin to provide a wider spectrum of bacterial coverage)

Question 2

Polymixin B is a topical antibacterial agent used for wound care and minor bacterial infections

Answer 2

True (not available as an individual product, usually in combination with Bacitracin as a ‘double antibiotic’/Bacitracin and Neomycin as a ‘triple antibiotic’ to broaden coverage against gram -Ve bacteria especially pseudomonas)

Question 3

Mupirocin (Bactroban) is a topical antibacterial agent used for wound care and minor bacterial infections

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Neomycin is a topical antibacterial agent used for wound care and minor bacterial infections

Answer 4

True (not available as an individual product, usually in combination with Bacitracin and Polymixin B as a ‘triple antibiotic’)

Question 5

Retapamulin is a topical antibacterial agent used for wound care and minor bacterial infections

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Gentamicin is a topical antibacterial agent used for wound care and minor bacterial infections

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Silver sulfadiazine and iodoquinol are topical antibacterial agents used for wound care and minor bacterial infections

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Iodoquinol is a topical antibacterial agent used for wound care and minor bacterial infections

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Bacitracin is minimally effective for eliminating nasal carriage of S. Aureus

Answer 9

True (Mupirocin is superior)

Question 10

A double-blind study comparing bacitracin with white petrolatum found no statistical difference in the postoperative infection rate in dermatologic surgery patients

Answer 10

True (90% of the wound infections in the petrolatum group were due to MSSA whereas the patients treated with bacitracin grew Ciprofloxacin-sensitive gram -Ve bacteria; given the higher cost of treating gram -Ve infections, the 0.9% risk of contact dermatitis and higher cost of bacitracin, It is less expensive to treat clean dermatologic surgical wounds with white petrolatum)

Question 11

There is no systemic absorption of topical bacitracin

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Common adverse effects with topical bacitracin include localised itching and burning

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Bacitracin is a frequent allergen in patients with chronic stasis dermatitis or keratoconjunctivitis

Answer 13

True (barrier disruption in patients with stasis dermatitis and chronic leg ulcers may allow the development of contact dermatitis resulting in positive patch test results, thus long-term use on non-intact skin encountered in stasis ulcers or chronic inflammatory dermatoses may lead to an increased risk of contact allergy)

Question 14

There have been a significant number of reported cases of anaphylactic shock due to topical bacitracin

Answer 14

True (most cases involved patients who had used bacitracin on non-intact skin such as ulcers)

Question 15

Bacitracin often co-reacts (not a true cross-reaction as both are chemically unrelated) with Neomycin such that patch testing to both may uncover a Neomycin allergy which is the most common cause of postoperative allergic contact dermatitis

Answer 15

True (the co-reaction is believed to be due to coincidental sensitisation as Bacitracin is chemically unrelated to Neomycin but both antibacterial agents are commonly found in combination) - though Neomycin cross-reacts with other aminoglycosides such as streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin

Question 16

Contact allergy to Polymyxin B in the absence of concomitant positive reactions to Neomycin and Bacitracin is very rare

Answer 16

True (usually combined with other antibacterial agents to broaden coverage against gram -Ve bacteria including pseudomonas)

Question 17

Polymyxin B is not a significant allergen in postoperative wounds in dermatologic surgery patients

Answer 17

True

Question 18

There is little systemic absorption and few systemic reactions even when Polymyxin B is applied to open wounds because Polymyxin B binds avidly to cell membranes

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Because bacterial resistance to Neomycin has been reported in both gram +Ve and gram -Ve bacteria, Neomycin is virtually always used in combination with other topical antibacterial agents (Bacitracin and Polymyxin B to produce the ‘triple antibiotic’)

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Bacitracin is typically added for its gram +Ve coverage

Answer 20

True (Polymyxin B is typically added to provide coverage for pseudomonas)

Question 21

Polymyxin B is typically added to provide coverage for pseudomonas

Answer 21

True (whereas Bacitracin is typically added for its gram +Ve coverage)

Question 22

Systemic toxicity to Neomycin (an aminoglycoside) includes ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, although systemic absorption and toxicity do not occur when the antibacterial agent is used topically on minor skin lesions

Answer 22

True (Neomycin-related deafness has been reported but usually involving a Neomycin solution to irrigate a large wound, and rarely from ear drops containing Neomycin where this should not be used in patients with tympanic membrane perforation)

Question 23

Bacitracin is bactericidal against gram +Ve and Neisseria species by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis

Answer 23

True (inhibition of phospholipid receptors involved in peptidoglycan synthesis)

Question 24

Polymyxin B is bactericidal against gram -Ve bacteria and pseudomonas by increasing the permeability of bacterial cell membrane

Answer 24

True (occurs by interacting with phospholipid components of the cell membrane)

Question 25

Neomycin (an aminoglycoside) is bactericidal against gram +Ve and gram -Ve bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis, and is typically used for its gram +Ve coverage

Answer 25

True (occurs by binding to 30s subunit of ribosomal RNA)

Question 26

Mupirocin (Bactroban) is bactericidal against MRSA and strep pyogenes by inhibiting bacterial RNA and protein synthesis

Answer 26

True (occurs by reversibly bonding to bacterial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase) - Mupirocin is not active against anaerobic bacteria

Question 27

Bacitracin is derived from Bacillus subtilis

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Polymyxin B is derived from Bacillus polymyxa

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Neomycin is derived from Streptomyces fradiae

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Mupirocin is derived from P. fluorescens

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Retapamulin is a semi-synthetic derivative of Clitopilus scyphoides

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Gentamicin is derived from Micromonospora Purpurea

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Silver sulfadiazine is synthesised from a reaction of silver nitrate and sodium sulfadiazine

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Iodoquinol is a synthetic halogenated derivative of quinolone

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Systemic absorption of Mupirocin is minimal and cutaneous metabolism is <3%, leaving most of the drug on the skin for antibacterial activity

Answer 35

True

Question 36

95% of Mupirocin is protein bound, therefore it may be less effective on weeping wounds (drainage of serum/protein and clearance of the drug)

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Mupirocin is used to treat skin infections frequently initiated by staph and strep, including impetigo, folliculitis, impetiginised eczema, burns, lacerations and leg ulcers

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Mupirocin ointment is equivalent to PO erythromycin for the treatment of impetigo and is approved as a monotherapy

Answer 38

True (the higher cost of Mupirocin is offset by the increased incidence of adverse effects and lost production due to erythromycin)

Question 39

Intranasal Mupirocin is effective for the elimination of staph, even MRSA from chronic carriers and most recent studies advocate BD application for 5 days, and prolonged suppression of nasal staph carriage is achieved by weekly dosing or monthly courses

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Intranasal Mupirocin in combination with Chlorhexidine soap reduced nosocomial staph aureus surgical site infections in nasal carriers, whereas Intranasal Mupirocin alone is ineffective for this purpose

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Among nasal MRSA carriers undergoing Mohs surgery, no postoperative MRSA infections occurred in patients who used Intranasal Mupirocin and PO Bactrim for 5-7 days

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Most reactions associated with Mupirocin are localised pain, burning and itching which is attributed to the polyethylene glycol in the vehicle base because the incidence is no greater than with the vehicle alone

Answer 42

True (the nasal formulation is in WSP base and does not contain polyethylene glycol and so it is less irritating on mucosal surfaces)

Question 43

Mupirocin does not cross-react with other topical antibacterials due to its unique structure

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True allergic contact sensitivity to Mupirocin is extremely rare; and unlike Bacitracin and Neomycin, Mupirocin is an uncommon cause of postoperative allergic contact dermatitis following dermatologic surgery

Answer 44

True (Mupirocin is an uncommon sensitiser)

Question 45

Retapamulin is bacteriostatic against strep pyogenes, Mupirocin-resistant staph aureus, MRSA and anaerobes by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis

Answer 45

True (occurs by binding to protein L3 on the 50s ribosomal subunit)

Question 46

Retapamulin has no clinically relevant cross-resistance with other antibacterials due to its unique structure

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Retapamulin is FDA-approved for the treatment of primary impetigo due to methicillin susceptible staph aureus or strep pyogenes in adults and children 9 months of age and older

Answer 47

True (recommended BD for 5 days for the treatment of impetigo)

Question 48

The most frequent adverse effects of Retapamulin are localised pruritus, paraesthesia, irritation or pain at the application site

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Retapamulin may cause an allergic contact dermatitis with positive patch testing

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Gentamicin is bactericidal against gram +Ve (excluding strep) and notably gram -Ve organisms including pseudomonas, by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis

Answer 50

True (occurs by irreversibly binding to 30s ribosomal subunits)

Question 51

Gentamicin is an uncommon sensitiser although rarely allergic contact dermatitis is found in patients with Rosacea thought to be secondary to prior antibiotic treatment of ocular disease

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Neonatal patients who used gentamicin ointment for ocular infection prophylaxis developed periocular ulcerative dermatitis

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Silver sulfadiazine is bactericidal against gram +Ve (including MRSA) and gram -Ve organisms (especially pseudomonas in burn wounds) by inhibiting bacterial replication

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Silver sulfadiazine has a low toxicity profile although caution should be exercised with application to large burn sites and with prolonged use in bullous disorders as renal insufficiency has been reported with significant absorption

Answer 54

True

Question 55

Silver sulfadiazine may cross-react with patients who have a sulfonamide allergy

Answer 55

True (due to the shared sulfa moiety)

Question 56

Silver sulfadiazine may cause haemolytic anaemia in patients with G6PD deficiency due to the cross-reaction with sulfonamide

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Iodoquinol is active against gram +Ve (including MRSA) and gram -Ve organisms (including pseudomonas) as well as being a broad spectrum agent against dermatophytes and may be useful in the treatment of fungal infections complicated by secondary bacterial involvement

Answer 57

True

Question 58

Benzoyl peroxide is used as a topical antibacterial agent for acne and rosacea

Answer 58

True

Question 59

Clindamycin is used as a topical antibacterial agent for acne and rosacea

Answer 59

True

Question 60

Erythromycin is used as a topical antibacterial agent for acne and rosacea

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Metronidazole is used as a topical antibacterial agent for acne and rosacea

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Azelaic acid is used as a topical antibacterial agent for acne and rosacea

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Dapsone is used as a topical antibacterial agent for acne and rosacea

Answer 63

True

Question 64

Sodium sulfacetamide is used as a topical antibacterial agent for acne and rosacea

Answer 64

True

Question 65

Benzoyl peroxide is a broad spectrum bactericidal topical antibacterial agent (including P. acnes) derived from organic peroxide

Answer 65

True

Question 66

Clindamycin (semi-synthetic derivative of lincomycin derived from Streptomyces species) is a broad spectrum topical antibacterial agent with good gram +Ve and anaerobic cover which inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and may produce bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects

Answer 66

True

Question 67

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibacterial agent isolated from Streptomyces erythraeus and is bactericidal against most gram +Ve bacteria and P. acnes by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50s subunit of the bacterial ribosome

Answer 67

True

Question 68

Metronidazole is a synthetic nitroimidazole antibacterial agent with aerobic and anaerobic coverage which causes bacterial DNA disruption and inhibition of nuclei acid synthesis

Answer 68

True

Question 69

Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with broad bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity including against P. acnes by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Dapsone is a synthetic sulfone with bacteriostatic activity against Mycobacterium species via inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase enzyme in the folate pathway

Answer 70

True

Question 71

Sodium sulfacetamide is a synthetic molecule derived from aniline with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties commonly incorporated with sulphur (non-specific antifungal and antibacterial) which inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase enzyme of the folate pathway

Answer 71

True

Question 72

Topical benzoyl peroxide is indicated for the treatment of mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris

Answer 72

True

Question 73

Benzoyl peroxide reduces inflammation in acne lesions

Answer 73

True

Question 74

Benzoyl peroxide has keratolytic and comedolytic properties

Answer 74

True (although antibacterial effects is >> keratolytic effects for acne)

Question 75

The stability of benzoyl peroxide depends on the vehicle and it is least stable in propylene glycol

Answer 75

True

Question 76

5% of topically applied benzoyl peroxide is absorbed through the skin and completely metabolised to benzoic acid in the skin then rapidly cleared by the kidneys without causing any systemic toxicity

Answer 76

True

Question 77

Benzoyl peroxide, dapsone and sodium sulfacetamide are classified as pregnancy category C

Answer 77

True (Clindamycin, erythromycin, metronidazole and azelaic acid are classified as pregnancy category B instead)

Question 78

Clindamycin, erythromycin, metronidazole and azelaic acid are classified as pregnancy category B

Answer 78

True (Benzoyl peroxide, dapsone and sodium sulfacetamide are classified as pregnancy category C)

Question 79

Benzoyl peroxide has not been associated with induction of bacterial resistance and is therefore a useful adjunct to control antibiotic resistance by effectively reducing strains of P. acnes resistant to erythromycin, tetracyclines, and Clindamycin

Answer 79

True

Question 80

Benzoyl peroxide is as effective as erythromycin or Clindamycin for inflammatory acne lesions

Answer 80

True

Question 81

Benzoyl peroxide is more effective than erythromycin or Clindamycin for non-inflammatory acne lesions

Answer 81

True

Question 82

Benzoyl peroxide is comparable to Tretinoin (retinoid) in treating non-inflammatory acne lesions but superior in treating inflammatory acne lesions

Answer 82

True

Question 83

Benzoyl peroxide is comparable to Adapalene (retinoid) in reducing both inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne lesions

Answer 83

True

Question 84

Combination benzoyl peroxide and erythromycin therapy is more effective for acne than either drug alone

Answer 84

True (the activity of benzoyl peroxide is enhanced when used in combination with other medications including topical antibacterials)

Question 85

For severe acne, the addition of once daily Adapalene/Benzoyl Peroxide to oral doxycycline 100mg reduced all types of lesions to a greater extent than doxycycline alone and the earlier onset of action with combination therapy correlated with a rapid reduction in P. acnes in the first 4 weeks

Answer 85

True (the activity of benzoyl peroxide is enhanced when used in combination with other medications including topical antibacterials)

Question 86

Benzoyl peroxide may oxidise Tretinoin if applied simultaneously and it is recommended that benzoyl peroxide be used in the morning and Tretinoin at night

Answer 86

True (however an optimised, aqueous gel formulation of Tretinoin may be combined with benzoyl peroxide without the risk of peroxide-induced degradation of Tretinoin)

Question 87

The main adverse effect of benzoyl peroxide is an irritant contact dermatitis

Answer 87

True

Question 88

There is a rare potential for benzoyl peroxide to cause contact allergy

Answer 88

True

Question 89

Benzoyl peroxide can bleach fabric, hair and other coloured materials

Answer 89

True

Question 90

Benzoyl peroxide does not cause skin cancer

Answer 90

True

Question 91

The 1% Clindamycin lotion is less irritating for acne than the alcohol-based solution and gel

Answer 91

True

Question 92

Approximately 4-5% of topical Clindamycin is systemically absorbed

Answer 92

True

Question 93

Clindamycin is effective against P. acnes although an increasing number of Clindamycin-resistant strains are associated with treatment failure

Answer 93

True

Question 94

The main indication for topical Clindamycin is in acne vulgaris

Answer 94

True

Question 95

Topical Clindamycin 1% as monotherapy is equally as effective as or superior to PO tetracycline for treating inflammatory lesions and BD 1% Clindamycin is as effective as minocycline 50mg BD

Answer 95

True

Question 96

Combination therapy of Clindamycin in 1% with benzoyl peroxide, Adapalene (retinoid), Tretinoin (retinoid), salicylic acid is more effective than Clindamycin monotherapy

Answer 96

True

Question 97

The addition of zinc acetate to topical Clindamycin reduces the systemic absorption of Clindamycin

Answer 97

True (usually approximately 3-5% of Clindamycin is systemically absorbed)

Question 98

Mild local reactions from topical Clindamycin including itching, burning, stinging, excessive dryness, peeling, oily skin and erythema are usually due to the vehicle

Answer 98

True (contact allergy to Clindamycin is very rare)

Question 99

Gram -Ve folliculitis has rarely been associated with topical Clindamycin use

Answer 99

True

Question 100

There is no systemic absorption of topical erythromycin

Answer 100

True

Question 101

One strategy to circumvent erythromycin-resistant P. acnes is to use a higher concentration of erythromycin with or without zinc

Answer 101

True (this strategy is effective in reducing erythromycin-resistant P. acnes)

Question 102

Using topical erythromycin in combination with benzoyl peroxide is effective in reducing erythromycin-resistant P. acnes

Answer 102

True

Question 103

The main indication for topical erythromycin is the treatment of acne vulgaris

Answer 103

True (available in a variety of vehicles in concentrations of 2% and 3%)

Question 104

The role of zinc in topical erythromycin preparations is unclear as no statistical difference was found in the reduction of inflamed and non-inflamed lesions between topical erythromycin preparations with or without zinc

Answer 104

True

Question 105

Topical erythromycin and benzoyl peroxide combination may be an alternative choice to topical metronidazole for treatment of pustulopapular Rosacea

Answer 105

True

Question 106

Topical erythromycin has been associated with erythema, scaling, tenderness, burning, itching, irritation, oiliness and dryness

Answer 106

True

Question 107

Topical erythromycin is a weak sensitiser and allergic contact dermatitis has been infrequently reported

Answer 107

True

Question 108

There is a significant component of long-term acne benefit through topical erythromycin due to its anti-inflammatory effects

Answer 108

True

Question 109

Systemic absorption of topical metronidazole is negligible

Answer 109

True

Question 110

Topical metronidazole is NOT active against P. acnes or Demodex folliculorum

Answer 110

True (thus it seems unlikely that the beneficial effect of metronidazole for Rosacea stems from direct killing of the Demodex mite)

Question 111

The mechanism of action of topical metronidazole for the treatment of Rosacea is uncertain, but metronidazole has anti-inflammatory effects that include suppression of cell-mediated immunity and leukocyte chemotaxis

Answer 111

True

Question 112

The efficacy of topical metronidazole is enhanced by the addition of anti-inflammatory (subantimicrobial) doses of doxycycline

Answer 112

True

Question 113

Topical metronidazole is effective against pustules, papules and to a lesser degree erythema; and is generally ineffective against telengiectasias and rhinophyma

Answer 113

True

Question 114

It is unclear whether topical metronidazole has a role in treating acne vulgaris

Answer 114

True

Question 115

Several studies have demonstrated that topical metronidazole can be used to eliminate the odour of putrid-smelling ulcers as well as ulcerated or fungating tumours where elimination of odour correlated with negative anaerobic cultures

Answer 115

True

Question 116

Topical metronidazole has a very low potential for causing sensitisation although cross-reactivity to metronidazole has been reported in cases of contact allergy to tioconazole and isothiazolinones

Answer 116

True

Question 117

Topical metronidazole adverse effects are rare and include dryness, itching, burning and stinging

Answer 117

True

Question 118

The topical azelaic acid dose absorbed is about 3% and is higher with the 15% gel formulation (8% absorption) than that of the 20% cream (3% absorption)

Answer 118

True

Question 119

Azelaic acid is indicated for the treatment of acne and reduces the concentration of P. acnes on the skin surface and follicles

Answer 119

True

Question 120

Azelaic acid inhibits the division and differentiation of human keratinocytes, but does not reduce the rate of sebum production

Answer 120

True (although patients report gradual reduction in skin greasiness after 1-2 months of treatment)

Question 121

Azelaic acid 15% gel BD for 15 weeks is superior to metronidazole gel in improving the inflammatory lesions and erythema of Rosacea

Answer 121

True

Question 122

Azelaic acid has demonstrated promising results for the treatment of corticosteroid-induced perioral dermatitis and can be used in paediatric patients

Answer 122

True

Question 123

Azelaic acid is useful for certain disorders of pigmentation as it has some activity against hypermelanosis caused by physical and chemical agents, post inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma

Answer 123

True

Question 124

Azelaic acid is non-toxic

Answer 124

True

Question 125

Azelaic acid is non-mutagenic

Answer 125

True

Question 126

Azelaic acid is non-teratogenic

Answer 126

True

Question 127

Azelaic acid has no systemic side effects

Answer 127

True

Question 128

There are no cases of contact allergy to Azelaic acid

Answer 128

True

Question 129

Up to 10% of patients commencing Azelaic acid may report itching, burning or scaling which may last up to 4 weeks

Answer 129

True (local reactions to Azelaic acid may be reduced by initiating treatment with once daily application rather than the usual BD application during the first 2 weeks of treatment)

Question 130

Topical dapsone gel is FDA approved for the treatment of acne vulgaris

Answer 130

True

Question 131

Systemic exposure to dapsone is 100 times lower for topical dapsone than for PO dapsone

Answer 131

True (and serum drug levels did not increase during 1 year exposure of topical dapsone)

Question 132

Topical dapsone is effective with rapid onset of action for inflammatory acne lesions

Answer 132

True

Question 133

The most commonly reported adverse effects with topical dapsone are transient dryness, erythema, rash or sunburn

Answer 133

True

Question 134

There is no requirement for G6PD screening before starting topical dapsone or monitoring of haematologic parameters during treatment

Answer 134

True (no clinical signs and symptoms of haemolytic anaemia, no other changes in lab markers of haemolysis)

Question 135

Common sodium sulfacetamide adverse effects include dryness and transient pruritus in over 50% of patients

Answer 135

True

Question 136

When sodium sulfacetamide is combined with benzoyl peroxide, sulfacetamide produces an orange-brown discolouration which stains clothing and not skin

Answer 136

True

Question 137

Antiseptics (Triclosan, Chlorhexidine, and Povidone-Iodine) are most commonly used for surgical skin sterilisation and for personal hygiene

Answer 137

True

Question 138

Antiseptics (Triclosan, Chlorhexidine, and Povidone-Iodine) have a broad antimicrobial spectrum with low incidence of irritation or allergic contact dermatitis

Answer 138

True

Question 139

Triclosan and Triclosan-based products have very low sensitising potential even when used on eczematised skin

Answer 139

True (primary antibacterial soap ingredient available today)

Question 140

Chlorhexidine is primarily used as a surgical scrub

Answer 140

True

Question 141

Chlorhexidine gluconate 2% washes + Mupirocin 2% ointment intranasally + PO rifampicin + PO doxycycline for 7 days is 74% effective in eradicating MRSA colonisation in hospitalised patients for at least 3 months

Answer 141

True

Question 142

Pre-operative cleansing with Chlorhexidine-alcohol is more effective than povidone-iodine in preventing superficial and deep incisional infections within the first 30 days after surgery

Answer 142

True

Question 143

Allergic contact dermatitis due to Chlorhexidine is rare but sensitisation to Chlorhexidine has been reported in children with atopic dermatitis

Answer 143

True

Question 144

More than 50 Anaphylaxis from Chlorhexidine has occurred but only 2 cases have resulted in application to intact skin

Answer 144

True

Question 145

When using Chlorhexidine for skin sterilisation near the ear it is prudent to ensure that none of the disinfectant trickles into the ear canal as Chlorhexidine has been associated with ototoxicity resulting in deafness

Answer 145

True

Question 146

Povidone-iodine is primarily used as a surgical scrub

Answer 146

True

Question 147

Povidone-iodine is an antimicrobial agent active against gram +Ve and gram -Ve bacteria

Answer 147

True

Question 148

Povidone-iodine is commonly used as an antiseptic perioperatively and for skin wounds

Answer 148

True (active ingredient in betadine solution)

Question 149

The incidence of allergic contact dermatitis in Povidone-iodine is rare

Answer 149

True (more associated wth irritant contact dermatitis)

Question 150

Povidone-iodine is associated with irritant contact dermatitis

Answer 150

True