Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

D1 - Wine Production (superset) > 1. The Vine > Flashcards

1. The Vine Flashcards

1
Q

What steps are taken when registering a new grape variety (2)?

A

Potential + long-term value of new grape is assessed over long period of time.

If thought to be commercially valuable, it will be registered in the OIV (International Organization of Vine and Wine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a hybrid?

Give an example:

A

A grape which is the product of crossing two parents of different species.

Vidal Blanc:

Ugni Blanc (V. vinifera) X Rayon d’Or (member of the Seibel family, American parentage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is permanent wood?

A

Woody parts of vine that are 1+ years, including trunk and cordons (horizontal arms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How/why do scientists create new grape varieties (2)?

Explain the creation of Müller-Thurgau (2):

A
  • Cross-fertilization is carried out in a laboratory environment.
  • Aim is to create an offspring that has favorable characteristics of both parent vines.

Müler-Thurgau was created to have fruit quality of Riesling + high yield of Madeleine Royale

Result = v. high yields but not nearly as high quality potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the issues with a second crop?

How can grape growers address those issues?

A

A second crop will be higher in acidity, lower in sugar and may have unripe tannins and aromas/flavours and, in black grapes, less colour development. This will potentially impact the grape must and finished wine.

  1. Remove the lateral shoots’ inflorescences or grape bunches during green harvesting to acheive greater consistency of ripening.
  2. Be selective during hand harvesting: only harvest main crop and leave second crop, or harvest later.

However, with machine harvesting, it is not possible to differentiate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a ‘second crop’?

Example of a grape that is prone to this?

How does this crop compare to the main crop (2)?

A
  • Grape that form from inflorescences on lateral shoots.
  • Pinot Noir

Second crops:

  • Become bunches later than main crop, therefore they ripen later.
  • If harvested together, 2nd crop = higher acidity, lower potential alc, unripe tannins/flavors/aromas, less color development (red grapes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is one-year-old wood?

What is their most important purpose?

A

Main shoots from the last growing season that were kept at pruning.

Supports the compound buds that will break to release the main shoots for the upcoming growing season.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Mass Selection or Selection Massale?

A

A technique of vine propogation whereby owners take cuttings from the best-performing vines in their own vineyard(s) and cultivate them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a crossing?

Give 3 examples:

A

A grape that is the product of two parents of same species

Pinotage = Pinot Noir X Cinsault

Cabernet Sauvignon = Sauvignon Blanc X Cabernet Franc

Müller-Thurgau = Riesling X Madeleine Royale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are tendrils for?

A

Tendrils are growths from the stem that support the vine by attaching themselves to pants/trees (in the wild) or trellis wires. Tendrils curl around trellis wires to keep the canopy in place.

Grape growers will also manually tie shoots/canes to trellising as necessary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

A method of vine propogation whereby vines with favourable characteristics are selected by growers for further propagation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Identify the parts of the vine flower in the picture below (9):

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are new grape varieties typically produced (4)?

A

Cross-fertilization: pollen from stamens of one vine is transferred to stigmas of another vine = fertilization.

Grapes develop and seeds are planted+grown.

New vines from seeds will all feature different characteristics from each other (sim. to siblings in a family).

If a new vine has desirable characteristics, it may be propogated by cuttings to create identical vines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the GREEN parts of the vine (7)?

A

Main stem/shoot

Compound buds

Prompt buds

Lateral shoots

Leaves

Tendrils

Inflorescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are Teinturier grapes?

Where does the term come from?

Give 4 examples:

A

Red grapes that also have red (as opposed to clear) flesh.

The term means “to dye” or “stain” in French.

Alicante Bouschet / Saperavi / Colorino / Rubired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe transpiration (2):

A

Water vapor diffuses out of stomata on the underside of leaves.

This causes the vine to draw water up from the soil via the roots and the above-ground parts of the vine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the contents of the grape’s PULP (4), SKIN (3) and SEEDS (2)?

A

PULP: majority of grape’s weight; water, sugars, acids, some aroma compounds+precursors.

SKIN: High concentration of aroma compounds+precursors, tannins, color compounds.

SEEDS: Oils, tannins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why would layering be employed as a method of vine propogation over using cuttings?

A

Used to fill in gaps in a vineyard (e.g. due to death of vine) with neighboring vines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What factors influence the distribution of the main framework of the vine’s roots (4)?

A

Soil properties

Irrigation

Cultivation

Rootstock type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the main purposes of roots? (4)

A
  1. Anchor vine to the earth.
  2. Uptake of water/nutrients
  3. Storage of carbs
  4. Production of hormones that have important functions within vine growth / ripening.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are bunches?

A

Fertilized inflorescences that have successfully become grapes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the pros (3) and cons (2) of Mass Selection?

A

PROS: Cuttings can be taken from several different vines, emphasizing diversity and complexity / only best-performing vines can be selected (high yield, quality, etc.) / vineyard owner’s own specific material is being used, emphasizing uniqueness which can be a marketing asset

CONS: Time, labor and money investment is heavy because vine performance must be monitored and recorded for years / if parent vine is infected by disease (e.g. a virus), it is likely to be passed onto new vines, increasing spread.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are lateral shoots?

How do they compare to the main shoots?

A

Shoots that grow from prompt buds.

Smaller and thinner than primary shoots. But also have stem, leaves, buds, tendrils and sometimes inflorescences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are inflorescences?

How many inflorescences usually occur?

A

Cluster of flowers on a stem which become a bunch of grapes at fruit set.

Usually btw/1-3 per shoot, but depends on grape variety.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are prompt buds?

Where do they form and what do they produce?

A

Buds that form and open in the same growing season.

They form on the main shoot and produce lateral shoots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the pros (3) and cons (4) of Clonal Selection?

A

PROS: Vines are tested to be free from virus infection / particular clones can be selected for desirable properties / vines grow and ripen at the same time, making vineyard management easier.

CONS: Only a limited number of clones may be available / clones might have been chosen for maximizing yields vs quality / uniformity decreases complexity / vines can all be susceptible to the same diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are clones?

A

Grape varieties that are genetically identical but have mutations (sometimes so significant they are classified as new variety, e.g. Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc are mutations of Pinot Noir)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are grapes a type of?

What 4 main components do they include?

A

Type of berry

Includes: pulp, skin, seeds and bloom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the main function of lateral shoots?

Other functions?

Disadvantages?

A

To allow the plant to carry on growing if the tip of the main shoot has been damaged or eaten.

Also provides additional source of leaves for photosynthesis.

Can be undesirable if they grow too near the base of the main shoot because they impede airflow and can shade the fruit too much.

30
Q

What is the stem’s function (3)?

A
  • The stem is the structure to which all the other structures are attached.
  • Transports water/solutes to/from different structures.
  • stores carbs
31
Q

Define photosynthesis (2):

What is the main site of photosynthesis in the vine?

What are the sugars produced from photosynthesis used for?

A

The process by which plants use sunlight energy to produce sugars from CO2 and water.

Carbon Dioxide + Water (with sunlight energy) = Sugar + Oxygen

-the leaves are the main site for photosynthesis.

Sugars are used for growth + metabolism.

32
Q

Give an example of a grape variety with a significant number of different clones, and explain why a winemaker might want to use them for different styles of wine:

A

Pinot Noir.

Dijon Clone 115: low yields of small grapes, high quality red wine production.

Clone 521: high yields of bigger grapes, better suited for sparkling wine production because high levels of tannin/color are not desired for these wines.

33
Q

Where do buds form and what do they become?

A

They form at “nodes”, the little corner between the leaf stalk (aka petiole) and stem.

With maturation, they become green parts of vine (stem, bud, tendrils, leaves, inflorescences.)

34
Q

What is the cane?

A

Last year’s green shoots, which drop their leaves and become woody/rigid (lignify) and turn brown in late summer, if not pruned away.

35
Q

What parts make up lateral shoots (5)?

A
  1. Stem
  2. Buds
  3. Leaves
  4. Tendrils
  5. Sometimes inflorescences
36
Q

Name the four most important North American vine species

A

Vitis labrusca

Vitis riparia

Vitis berlandieri

Vitis rupestris

37
Q

What is layering?

Why is this method not always suitable?

A

A method of vine propogation whereby a cane is bent down and buried in the ground, with the tip of the cane pointing up out of the ground.

Once roots are established, the cane linking new growth to original is cut.

Layering doesn’t allow for rootstock use, i.e vine is unprotected from phylloxera and lacks the qualities that a choice of rootstocks offers.

38
Q

What are compound buds?

What 2 terms are they also known by?

A

Buds that form in one growing season, and open the next (also called latent or dormant buds)

39
Q

What is a cutting?

What are the advantages of using it as a method of vine propogation (3)?

A

Method of propogation whereby a section of a vine shoot is planted then grows as a new plant.

1) many small cuttings can be taken from a vine and propogated at the same time.
2) Easily grafted onto phylloxera-resistant rootstocks,
3) allows nurseries to treat them to avoid spreading disease.

40
Q

Give an example of a grape variety that produces very tight bunches.

Why can this pose a problem?

A

Pinot Noir.

More prone to fungal disease due to damage to the grape skins and reduced airflow.

41
Q

What is contained within a compund bud (besides the structures that will become the green parts of the vine) (3)?

What is their purpose?

A

Primary bud (main growing point), smaller secondary and tertiary buds.

Second and tertiary buds will grow if damage has occured to primary bud (e.g. spring frost).

42
Q

What is the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (“OIV”)?

A

An intergovernmental organisation made up of Member states.

Agreement of 3 April 2001, signed by 35 States, went into force on 1 January 2004.

As of 1 January 2021, the OIV consists of 48 Member states.

43
Q

Of the thousand-plus known grape varieties, which species accounts for the vast majority?

A

Vitis vinifera

44
Q

What are the four sections of the vine?

A
  1. the shoots
  2. one-year-old wood
  3. permanent wood
  4. the roots.
45
Q

What makes up “the canopy”?

A
  1. The primary shoots
  2. buds
  3. leaves
  4. lateral shoots
  5. tendrils
  6. inflorescences/grape bunches
46
Q

What do the primary shoots on the vine grow from and when?

A

From compound buds retained from the previous year, in spring.

47
Q

What are the major structures of the shoots?

A
  1. Buds
  2. leaves
  3. tendrils
  4. lateral shoots
  5. inflorescences or
    grape bunches.
48
Q

What does the main axis of the shoot do?

A
  1. transports water and solutes to and from the
    different structures (including sugars and minerals)
  2. stores carbohydrates.
49
Q

What are the swellings along the shoot, where the other structures are attached and the lengths in between the nodes called?

A

Nodes and internodes

50
Q

What is a petiole?

A

A stalk that attaches a leaf to the plant stem.

51
Q

Where do buds form and what do they contain?

A

Between the petiole and the stem.

As they mature they contain all the structures in miniature that will become green parts of the vine.

52
Q

What are the two types of bud and what do they do?

A
  1. Compound buds (latent buds) form in one growing season and break open in the next.
  2. Prompt buds form on the primary shoot and break open in the same growing season.
  • Compound buds typically have a primary bud and
    smaller secondary and tertiary buds, which usually only grow if damage has occurred to the primary bud (e.g. spring frost).
  • Prompt buds produce lateral shoots.
53
Q

What are the functions of lateral shoots?

A
  1. Primary function is to allow the plant to carry on growing if the
    tip of the primary shoot has been damaged or eaten.
  2. Provide an additional
    source of leaves for photosynthesis if the laterals are near
    the ends of the primary shoots and able to benefit from sunlight.
54
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which green plants use sunlight to
produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

The sugars produced in
photosynthesis are used for vine growth and metabolism.

55
Q

What issues can lateral shoot cause?

A
  1. nearer the base of the primary shoot can impede air flow and can shade the fruit too much.
  2. often produce inflorescences, which can result in inconsistently ripened grapes.
56
Q

How do leaves enable photosynthesis?

A

Stomata (pores) open on the underside of the leaves, letting water diffuse out (transpiration) and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis to enter.

57
Q

What is transpiration and what are its effects?

A

As water diffuses from the leaf during photosynthesis, transpiration draws water and nutrients from the soil up through the vine to the leaves.

58
Q

What happens to transpiration when a vine is water-stressed?

A

The stomata partially close. This can help conserve water, but limits photosynthesis by preventing carbon dioxide from entering the vine

59
Q

What is an inflorescence? How many does each shoot have?

A

A cluster of flowers on a stem, which becomes a bunch of grapes at fruit set.

The number of inflorescences on each shoot
can depend on the grape variety. Usually between one and three.

60
Q

What is a bunch of grapes?

A

A fertilised inflorescence. Usually, not all the flowers in the inflorescence will successfully become grapes.

61
Q

What are the parts of the grape?

A
  • Stem – contains tannins.
  • Bloom – a powdery waxy coating.
  • Skin – a high concentration of aroma compounds and aroma precursors, tannins and colour compounds.
  • Pulp – water, sugars, acids and some aroma compounds
    and aroma precursors. The pulp of most grapes is colourless. Exceptions include teinturier varieties, which
    have red-coloured pulp (e.g. Alicante Bouschet).
  • Seeds – mature inside the grape, turning yellow to dark brown. Contain oils, tannins and the embryo.
62
Q

What is one-year-old wood?

What does it do?

A

The shoots from the previous growing season that were not removed at pruning. Depending on how the vine is pruned the one-year-old wood will either be a cane or a spur.

The one-year-old wood supports the compound buds that will break to release the shoots for the upcoming growing season.

63
Q

What is permanent wood?

What does it do?

A

The woody parts of the vine that are older than one year, including the trunk. Some vines also have one or more cordons of permanent wood.

  1. Provide support for the other parts of the vine.
  2. Transport water and solutes to and from different parts of the vine.
  3. Store carbohydrates and nutrients.
64
Q

What do the roots do?

How deep do they go?

A
  1. Anchoring the vine
  2. Uptake of water and nutrients at the root tips, where the roots are actively growing
  3. Store carbohydrates
  4. Produce hormones that have important functions within vine growth and grape ripening.

Most of the vine’s roots are found in the top 50 cm of the soil, although vine roots have been found that reach over six metres down into the soil.

65
Q

What methods of propagation are used in modern viticulture?

A

Cuttings or layering. In viticulture, vines are not
propagated through seeds.

66
Q

What is propagation by cuttings?

What are the advantages?

A

A section of a vine shoot is planted and will then grow as a new plant. It is by far the most common propagation technique. The vine is normally genetically identical to its “parent.”

  1. Many small cuttings can be taken from a vine and propagated at the same time.
  2. It permits the use of rootstocks, onto which the vine cutting can be grafted before it is planted.
  3. Nurseries are able to treat vine cuttings to avoid the spread of diseases.
67
Q

What is layering?

What are its disadvantages?

A

Using shoots from an established neighbouring vine to produce a new vine. A cane is bent down and a section of it is buried in the ground. The tip of the cane points up out of the ground. The section that is buried takes root and, once these roots are established, the cane linking the new growth to the original plant is cut. The vine is normally genetically identical to its “parent.”

The new vine grows on its own roots, not those of a rootstock.

  1. The new vine will have no protection against phylloxera
  2. A choice of rootstocks offers a choice of qualities such as the desired yield).
68
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

A relatively recent practice that became common within the last 40–50 years. (Before this, grape growers would propagate their vines through the process of mass selection).

At each cell division there is the risk that random mutations in the genetic code will occur. Some will cause the new vine to have slightly different characteristics. Vines with particularly favourable characteristics are selected for propagation by cuttings in order to grow new vines with these characteristics.

The process of clonal selection gives rise to different ‘clones’ within a grape variety. A mutation might be so significant that it becomes a new grape variety. For example, Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier, Pinot Blanc and Pinot Gris.

69
Q

Pinot Noir is a grape variety with many clones, provide two examples.

A
  • Pinot Noir Clone 115: low yields of small grapes, making it suited to high-quality red wine production.
  • Pinot Noir Clone 521: higher yields of bigger grapes, making it better suited to sparkling wine production. High concentrations of tannins and colour from the skins are not needed in sparkling wines.
70
Q

The most common way of obtaining new planting material is to buy young vines from a nursery, which will typically offer particular clones of grape varieties. What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing so?

A

Depending on the region and the grape variety, only a very limited number of clones may be available from nurseries and the vines in a vineyard or region can be relatively uniform.

Advantages:

  • Vines purchased from nurseries have been tested to be free from virus infection.
  • If all of the vines grow in a similar way and ripen grapes at the same time as each other, management of the vineyard
    becomes simpler.

Disadvantages:

  • There is less diversity in the fruit, potentially producing a wine with less complexity and balance
  • The vineyard is more susceptible to disease.

Where available, a grape grower will often buy and plant a number of different clones of the same grape variety.

71
Q

What is mass selection/Selection Massale?

What are its advantages and disadvantages?

A

It is a technique regaining popularity with some vineyard owners. Vineyard owners select vines, after monitoring their performance, and cultivate cuttings. Cuttings can be sent to a nursery for grafting onto rootstock where necessary.

Advantages:

  • Increases the diversity of planting material in the
    vineyard and throughout the region.
  • Uses unique planting material, which can be used to enhance fruit quality, yield or for marketing.

Disadvantages:

  • Selection and monitoring of vines to ensure the propagation of the best vines is costly in time and labour.
  • If the parent vine is infected by disease (e.g. a virus), this is
    likely to be passed onto the new vines.
72
Q

How are new grape varieties typically produced?

A

From seeds, created using cross-fertilisation. The pollen from the stamens of the flowers of one vine is transferred to the stigmas of the flowers of another vine.

Grapes develop and the seeds from these vines are planted and grown. The new vines that grow from the seeds will all have different characteristics.

  • Parents from the same species: a cross, e.g. Pinotage = Pinot Noir x Cinsaut.
  • Parents from different species: a hybrid, e.g. Vidal Blanc = Ugni Blanc x Seibel family (American parentage).

Also, by chance in the wild. E.g. Cabernet Sauvignon = Sauvignon Blanc x Cabernet Franc.

D1 - Wine Production (superset) (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions