(1) The UK Constitution & It's Sources Flashcards
How has the development of the UK Constitution differed from other countries/states?
Rather than following a particular historic event or catastrophe UK Constitution has developed ‘organically’ over time. Constitutional developments in the UK have been the product of careful thought and design – e.g. entry into the European Community.
How did Ivor Jennings neatly encapsulate this difference in the development of the UK constitution?
As Ivor Jennings put it ‘[t]he British constitution has not been made but has grown’ – often through the political and legal responses to particular events.
[See the textbook for a list of the key landmarks in the shaping of the UK Constitution]
How does the uncodified nature of the UK Constitution distinguish it from other around the world?
The UK Constitution is famously known to be unwritten, or more accurately, uncodified, it is an amalgamation of the laws, practices, customs and institutions that, taken as a whole, comprise our system of government.
Where may similarities be found between the UK Constitution and those from other countries/states?
While the UK Constitution may differ from written constitutions elsewhere – similarities can be found in regards to it’s object and purpose.
What are the most notable characteristics of the UK Constitution?
- Non-codified – amalgamation of sources
- Three main branches – Parliament, Government and The Courts – some limited power has been devolved to institutions in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
- Dominant characteristic is the Sovereignty of Parliament
- It is not entrenched and can be amended through the ordinary legislative procedure
- There are mechanisms in place to hold government to account to Parliament (Parliamentary Questions) and to the Courts (Judicial Review)
How do the presence of certain characteristics of the UK Constitution undermine Ridley’s argument?
They provide the impression that, in spite of Ridley’s view, a number of the core features of a constitutional order can be seen in the UK Constitution.
What are the various sources of the UK Constitution?
In the UK constitutionally, significant rules and principles can be found in the following;
- Statutes
- Common Law
- The Royal Prerogative
- Law and Customs of Parliament
- Conventions
- European Union Law
- European Convention on Human Rights
What is an important note when considering the sources of constitutional law in the UK?
It is important, however, that one considers which rules within these sources have ‘constitutional significance’, not every statute passed or every part of European Union Law holds constitutional significance in the UK.
What are statutes?
Statutes (or Acts of Parliament) are considered an important source of the UK Constitution. Statutes are pieces of primary legislation passed by parliament, they are considered to be the highest form of law in the UK due to the fundamental doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty.
What are the implications of statutes in the UK legal system?
The statutes passed by parliament will address a range of topics and issues and not every one will hold equal significance in a constitutional sense, indeed P Leyland said that some statutes will hold ‘special constitutional importance’
What are some examples of particularly important statutes in a constitutional sense?
Some examples of particularly important statutes in a constitutional sense include; The Bill of Rights (1689) and The European Communities Act (1972).
What is it that gives some statutes the ‘special constitutional importance’ referenced by Leyland?
It is argued by some that the distinction lies in the effects/impact of a statute in relation to the purpose of a constitution.
What did LJ Laws say on the prospect of ‘constitutional’ statutes in Thoburn v Sunderland City Council?
He said - ‘We should recognise a hierarchy of Acts of Parliament: as it were “ordinary” statutes and “constitutional” statutes. The two categories must be distinguished on a principled basis. In my opinion a constitutional statute is one which (a) conditions the legal relationship between citizen and State in some general, overarching manner, or (b) enlarges or diminishes the scope of what we would now regard as fundamental constitutional rights…’
How does the Common Law act as a source of the UK Constitution?
It is through the Common Law that the law develops, on a case-by-case basis and through the system of precedent. It is argued that some of the most crucial constitutional principles have been established through judicial decisions.
What examples of cases that give rise to constitutional principles are there?
The principle that constitutional conventions are not enforceable in courts for instance came from the case of Madzimbamuto v Lardner Burke. Similarly, the case of Entick v Carrington saw the principle that executive power can only be exercised if authorised by a pre-existing legal authority established.