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3rd Year - Haematology > 1. The Scope of Haematology > Flashcards

1. The Scope of Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What does Haematology Involve?

A

The Investigation / Management of Disorders of Blood and Bone Marrow

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2
Q

What are the Blood Components and Products?

A
  1. Plasma - Coagulation Factors / Albumin / Antibodies
  2. Buffy Coat - Platelets / Leucocytes
  3. Red Blood Cells
    Note - This is going down a Test-Tube after it has been Centrifuged
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3
Q

What are the Functions of Blood?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Maintenance of Vascular Integrity
  3. Protection from Pathogens
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4
Q

What is Transported in the Blood?

A
  1. Gasses (O2 and CO2) - In Red Cells
  2. Nutrients - In the Plasma
  3. Waste - In the Plasma
  4. Messages - In the Plasma
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5
Q

What is involved in the Maintenance of Vascular Integrity?

A
  1. Prevention of Leaks - Platelets and Clotting Factors

2. Prevention of Blockages - Anticoagulants and Fibrinolytics

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6
Q

How does the Blood Protect against Pathogens?

A
  1. Phagocytosis and Killing - Granulocytes / Monocytes

2. Antigen Recognition and Antibody Formation - Lymphocytes

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7
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Haematological Abnormalities?

A
  1. High Levels - Increased Rate of Production / Decreased Rate of Loss
  2. Low Levels - Decreased Rate of Production / Increased Rate of Loss
  3. Altered Function
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8
Q

What are the Features of Stem Cells?

A
  1. Totipotent
  2. Self-Renewable
  3. Home to Marrow Niche
  4. Binary Fission and Flux through Differentiation Pathways
    Note - Stem Cell Properties can now be Induced
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9
Q

What is the Differentiation Pathway of the Pluripotent Haematopoietic Stem Cell?

A

Pluripotent Haematopoietic Stem Cell Splits:

  1. a) Lymphocyte Stem Cells - LYMPHOCYTE
  2. b) Uncommitted Stem - Committed Progenitor Cell
  3. Committed Progenitor Cell - :
  4. a) Erythroblast - Reticulocyte - ERYTHROCYTE
  5. b) Megakaryocyte - PLATELETS
  6. c) NEUTROPHIL
  7. d) MONOCYTE
  8. e) BASOPHIL
  9. f) EOSINOPHIL
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10
Q

What are the Red Blood Cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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11
Q

What are the Myeloid Cells?

A

Anything from the Committed Progenitor Cells:

  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Platelets
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. Basophils
  6. Eosinophil
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12
Q

What are the Lymphoid Cells?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Monocyte
  3. Basophil
  4. Eosinophil
  5. Lymphocyte
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13
Q

When / Where is Erythropoietin made?

A

It is a Glycoprotein Cytokine made in the Kidney in response to Hypokia

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14
Q

What is a Reticulocyte Count?

A

A Measure of Red Cell Production

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15
Q

What is Polycythaemia?

A

Abnormally Increased Concentration of Haemoglobin in the Blood

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16
Q

What are the Causes of Anaemia?

A
  1. Decreased Production - Deficiency in Haematinics (Iron / Folate / Vitamin B12) / Thalassaemia
  2. Increased Loss - Bleeding / Haemolysis
17
Q

What are the Consequences of Anaemia?

A

Poor Gas Transfer - Dyspnoea / Fatigue

18
Q

What are the different Disorders of Red Blood Cells?

A
  1. Microcytes
  2. Macrocytes
  3. Polychromasia
  4. Burr Cells
19
Q

What are the Features of Platelets?

A
  1. Haemostasis (and Immune) Function
  2. Production is Regulated by Thrombopoietin in the Liver
  3. Lifespan = 7 days
20
Q

When are Platelets involved in Pathology?

A
  1. Thrombocytosis - Body Makes Too Many Platelets
  2. Thrombocytopenia - Platelet Deficiency (Bleeding)
  3. Altered Function - Due to Aspirin / Clopidogrel etc.
21
Q

What is the Features of Neutrophils?

A
  1. Their Function is to Ingest and Destroy Pathogens, especially Bacteria and Fungi
  2. Exist as Interleukins and Colony Stimulating Factors
  3. Immune Response Regulated - Macrophages / IL-17
  4. Lifespan = 1-2 Days
22
Q

What is Neutrophil Differentiation?

A
  1. Blast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Neutrophil
23
Q

When does

  1. Neutrophilia occur?
  2. Neutropenia occur?
A
  1. Infection / Inflammation
  2. Abnormally low levels of White Blood Cells:
  3. a) Decreased Production - Drugs / Marrow Failure
  4. b) Increased Consumption - Sepsis / Autoimmune
  5. c) Altered Function - Chronic Granulomatous Disease
24
Q

What are the Features of Monocytes?

A
  1. Their Function is to Ingest and Destroy Pathogens, especially Bacteria and Fungi
  2. Monocytes Migrate into Tissues and Become Macrophages - the Reticuloendothelial System
25
Q

When does Monocytosis occur?

A

Mycobacterial Infection

Note - usually associated with Neutrophilia

26
Q

When does Monocytopenia occur?

A

Mycobacteria in Hairy Cell Leukaemia

27
Q

When are Eosinophils Activated?

A
  1. Parasitic Infection

2. Allergy

28
Q

What are the Features of Lymphocytes?

A
  1. Part of the Adaptive / Innate Immune System
  2. Exist as B-Cells / T-Cells / NK Cells
  3. Produced in the Bone Marrow
  4. Circulates in Blood, Lymph and Lymph Nodes
  5. Differentiate into Effector Cells in Secondary Lymphoid Organs
29
Q

When does

  1. Lymphocytosis occur?
  2. Lymphopenia occur?
A
  1. Infectious Mononucleosis / Pertussis

2. (Usually) Post-Viral / Lymphoma

30
Q

What are the Features of T and B Cells?

A

Each naive T and B Cell has a Unique Surface Receptor

3rd Year - Haematology (10 decks)

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