1: The Cell Flashcards
transfer of electron/s from an electron donor to an acceptor
redox reaction
6 functions of proteins
- structure (e.g., collagen)
- transport (e.g., hemoglobin)
- control and regulation (e.g., hormones)
- defense and immunity (e.g., immunoglobulin)
- catalysis (e.g., enzymes)
- movement (e.g., myosin)
- storage (e.g., ferritin)
- contains oxidative enzymes for intracellular digestion
- degrades hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound from metabolism
perixosome
- decrease in oxygen, increase in hydrogen
- gain in electrons
reduction
sorts and transports molecules for export into the plasma membrane or other cells
golgi complex
3 acyl compounds
carboxylic acid, ester, amide
where is ether commonly found?
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acid
-C-O-C
- the increase in oxygen, decrease in hydrogen
- loss of electrons
oxidation
3 groups of biologically important elements
a. C, H, O, N, P, and S - most important
b. bulk elements - structural components of cells
- required in daily diet in grams
- e.g., Na, Ca, K, Cl
c. trace elements - required in mg or fewer levels
- hair-like structures on the surface of the cell
- channel for DNA during sexual conjugation
- used for attachment
pili
- most abundant biomolecule in the cell (15%)
- most varied in structure and function
protein
- basic building block of life
- smallest living unit of an organism
- capable of growth, reproduction, energy adaptation, and response to the environment
cell
3 functions of nucleic acids
- energy currency for metabolism (e.g., ATP and ADP)
- structural components of cofactors and coenzymes (e.g., NADH and FADH2)
- building blocks for storage of genetic information (e.g., DNA and RNA)
biosynthesis and degradation of biomolecules is known as ?
turnover
where is ketone commonly found?
carbs
C-(C=O)-C
- channels allowing the exchange of small molecules between neighboring cells
plasmodesmata
sing. plasmodesma
- unicellular organisms
- no recognizable organelles
- lacks a nucleus
- most primitive life forms on Earth
prokaryotic cells
- distinct membrane- bound organelles
- compartmentalization that allows two incompatible reactions to simultaneously occur in a single cell
- greater in volume (size)
eukaryotic cells
chemical reaction where one atom/group is substituted
e.g. N-methylation of bacterial DNA
nucleophilic substitution
- specialized subunits within eukaryotes
- usually membrane-bound
- suspended in intracellular fluid (cytosol)
organelles
intramolecular shift of atoms
isomerization reaction
- area enclosed by the plasma membrane
- contains cytosol (water, salts, and proteins)
cytoplasm
addition of water resulting to the breaking of a covalent bond
hydrolysis reaction
site for cellular respiration
mitochondrion
- site of protein synthesis
- ribosomes
2 carbonyl compounds
aldehydes and ketones
- site of DNA synthesis
nucleus
- carriers of genetic information
- biopolymers of nucleotides linked by !!!phosphodiester bonds!!
nucleic acid
where is phenol commonly found?
proteins and lipids
removal of group of atoms resulting to the formation of a double bond
e.g., formation of isopentyl disphosphate
elimination reaction
4 functions of carbs
- energy source and storage (e.g., starch)
- structure (e.g., cellulose)
- conjugates to other macromolecules (e.g., glycoproteins)
- components of nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and RNA)
where are sulfur-containing thiol and sulfide found?
proteins
thiol: R-SH
sulfide: R-S-R
oxidative reaction of hydrogen peroxide
H2O2 —-> H2O + 1/2O2
- gelatinous polysaccharide that protects the cell from higher organisms
- helps prokaryotes to cling to each other
- prevents cell from drying out
capsule
3 organic derivatives of water
alcohol, phenol, ether
- heterogenous, water-insoluble, with large hydrophobic (nonpolar) portions
lipids
4 types of biomolecules
protein, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
where is alcohol commonly found?
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acid
site of lipid synthesis
smooth ER
chromatin-dense region in the cytoplasm where prokaryote DNA is found
nucleoid
what are cellular components made of?
macromolecules
- most abundant biomolecule on earth
- can either be polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone
carbohydrates
- reservoir for food, nutrients, ions, waste products, and specialized products
- surrounded by semi-permeable membrane called TONOPLAST
central vacuole
- has enzymes for detoxification of foreign substances
- processes and transports proteins
- network of membrane channels connected to the nuclear pore
endoplasmic reticulum
5 unique organelles in plant cell
chloroplast
central vacuole
tonoplast
cell wall
plasmodesmata
- site of photosynthesis
- contains chlorophyll (pigment for harvesting light)
chloroplast
(see diagram on module)
inner membrane
outer membrane
intermembrane space
chloroplast
thylakoid
granum (stack of thylakoids)
lamella (connects grana)
lumen (inside of thylakoid)
4 functions of lipids
- fuel for metabolism (e.g., fats and oils)
- building blocks and vitamins (e.g., phospholipids)
- insulation (e.g., fats and oils)
- protective covering (e.g., suberin)
- mainly made of peptidoglycan
- between the plasma membrane and capsule
- maintains cell shape, for mechanical support, and prevents cell from bursting
cell wall
at least 2 functions of organelles
- synthesis and degradation of biomolecules
- selective transport of biochemical substances
- metabolism
- storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information
where is aromatic commonly found?
amino acids, peptides, proteins, lipids
- for spindle fiber formation during cell division
centrioles
- lipid bilayer with embedded proteins
- controls the passage of molecules in adn out of the cell
plasma membrane
what are the organic building blocks
- H + C = hydrocarbons
- hydrocarbons + O = carbs and lipids
- carbs and lipids + N = amino acids and proteins
- amino acids and proteins + S = sulfur-containing amino acids and proteins
- amino acids and proteins + P = nucleic acids, RNA, and DNA
where is aldehyde commonly found?
carbs
C-(CH)=O
where is amine usually found?
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
the 2 main types of eukaryotic cells
plant and animal cells
where is alkene commonly found?
lipids
- whip-like appendages used for locomotion
flagellum
ER that contains ribosomes
rough ER
- contains hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion
lysosomes
3 unique organelles in animal cells
lysosomes
centrioles
flagellum
two forms of nucleic acids:
DNA (2’-deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
two molecules combine to form a single product
addition reaction
- cellulosic inert supporting structure for rigidity
cell wall
where is amine usually found?
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
