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CHEM 160 > 1: The Cell > Flashcards

1: The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

transfer of electron/s from an electron donor to an acceptor

A

redox reaction

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2
Q

6 functions of proteins

A
  • structure (e.g., collagen)
  • transport (e.g., hemoglobin)
  • control and regulation (e.g., hormones)
  • defense and immunity (e.g., immunoglobulin)
  • catalysis (e.g., enzymes)
  • movement (e.g., myosin)
  • storage (e.g., ferritin)
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3
Q
  • contains oxidative enzymes for intracellular digestion
  • degrades hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound from metabolism
A

perixosome

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4
Q
  • decrease in oxygen, increase in hydrogen
  • gain in electrons
A

reduction

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5
Q

sorts and transports molecules for export into the plasma membrane or other cells

A

golgi complex

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6
Q

3 acyl compounds

A

carboxylic acid, ester, amide

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7
Q

where is ether commonly found?

A

proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acid

-C-O-C

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8
Q
  • the increase in oxygen, decrease in hydrogen
  • loss of electrons
A

oxidation

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9
Q

3 groups of biologically important elements

A

a. C, H, O, N, P, and S - most important
b. bulk elements - structural components of cells
- required in daily diet in grams
- e.g., Na, Ca, K, Cl
c. trace elements - required in mg or fewer levels

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10
Q
  • hair-like structures on the surface of the cell
  • channel for DNA during sexual conjugation
  • used for attachment
A

pili

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11
Q
  • most abundant biomolecule in the cell (15%)
  • most varied in structure and function
A

protein

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12
Q
  • basic building block of life
  • smallest living unit of an organism
  • capable of growth, reproduction, energy adaptation, and response to the environment
A

cell

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13
Q

3 functions of nucleic acids

A
  • energy currency for metabolism (e.g., ATP and ADP)
  • structural components of cofactors and coenzymes (e.g., NADH and FADH2)
  • building blocks for storage of genetic information (e.g., DNA and RNA)
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14
Q

biosynthesis and degradation of biomolecules is known as ?

A

turnover

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15
Q

where is ketone commonly found?

A

carbs

C-(C=O)-C

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16
Q
  • channels allowing the exchange of small molecules between neighboring cells
A

plasmodesmata

sing. plasmodesma

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17
Q
  • unicellular organisms
  • no recognizable organelles
  • lacks a nucleus
  • most primitive life forms on Earth
A

prokaryotic cells

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18
Q
  • distinct membrane- bound organelles
  • compartmentalization that allows two incompatible reactions to simultaneously occur in a single cell
  • greater in volume (size)
A

eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

chemical reaction where one atom/group is substituted

e.g. N-methylation of bacterial DNA

A

nucleophilic substitution

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20
Q
  • specialized subunits within eukaryotes
  • usually membrane-bound
  • suspended in intracellular fluid (cytosol)
A

organelles

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21
Q

intramolecular shift of atoms

A

isomerization reaction

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22
Q
  • area enclosed by the plasma membrane
  • contains cytosol (water, salts, and proteins)
A

cytoplasm

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23
Q

addition of water resulting to the breaking of a covalent bond

A

hydrolysis reaction

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24
Q

site for cellular respiration

A

mitochondrion

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25
Q
  • site of protein synthesis
A
  • ribosomes
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26
Q

2 carbonyl compounds

A

aldehydes and ketones

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27
Q
  • site of DNA synthesis
A

nucleus

28
Q
  • carriers of genetic information
  • biopolymers of nucleotides linked by !!!phosphodiester bonds!!
A

nucleic acid

29
Q

where is phenol commonly found?

A

proteins and lipids

30
Q

removal of group of atoms resulting to the formation of a double bond

e.g., formation of isopentyl disphosphate

A

elimination reaction

31
Q

4 functions of carbs

A
  • energy source and storage (e.g., starch)
  • structure (e.g., cellulose)
  • conjugates to other macromolecules (e.g., glycoproteins)
  • components of nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and RNA)
32
Q

where are sulfur-containing thiol and sulfide found?

A

proteins

thiol: R-SH
sulfide: R-S-R

33
Q

oxidative reaction of hydrogen peroxide

A

H2O2 —-> H2O + 1/2O2

34
Q
  • gelatinous polysaccharide that protects the cell from higher organisms
  • helps prokaryotes to cling to each other
  • prevents cell from drying out
A

capsule

35
Q

3 organic derivatives of water

A

alcohol, phenol, ether

36
Q
  • heterogenous, water-insoluble, with large hydrophobic (nonpolar) portions
A

lipids

37
Q

4 types of biomolecules

A

protein, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

38
Q

where is alcohol commonly found?

A

proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acid

39
Q

site of lipid synthesis

A

smooth ER

40
Q

chromatin-dense region in the cytoplasm where prokaryote DNA is found

A

nucleoid

41
Q

what are cellular components made of?

A

macromolecules

42
Q
  • most abundant biomolecule on earth
  • can either be polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone
A

carbohydrates

43
Q
  • reservoir for food, nutrients, ions, waste products, and specialized products
  • surrounded by semi-permeable membrane called TONOPLAST
A

central vacuole

44
Q
  • has enzymes for detoxification of foreign substances
  • processes and transports proteins
  • network of membrane channels connected to the nuclear pore
A

endoplasmic reticulum

45
Q

5 unique organelles in plant cell

A

chloroplast
central vacuole
tonoplast
cell wall
plasmodesmata

46
Q
  • site of photosynthesis
  • contains chlorophyll (pigment for harvesting light)
A

chloroplast

(see diagram on module)
inner membrane
outer membrane
intermembrane space
chloroplast
thylakoid
granum (stack of thylakoids)
lamella (connects grana)
lumen (inside of thylakoid)

47
Q

4 functions of lipids

A
  • fuel for metabolism (e.g., fats and oils)
  • building blocks and vitamins (e.g., phospholipids)
  • insulation (e.g., fats and oils)
  • protective covering (e.g., suberin)
48
Q
  • mainly made of peptidoglycan
  • between the plasma membrane and capsule
  • maintains cell shape, for mechanical support, and prevents cell from bursting
A

cell wall

49
Q

at least 2 functions of organelles

A
  • synthesis and degradation of biomolecules
  • selective transport of biochemical substances
  • metabolism
  • storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information
50
Q

where is aromatic commonly found?

A

amino acids, peptides, proteins, lipids

51
Q
  • for spindle fiber formation during cell division
A

centrioles

52
Q
  • lipid bilayer with embedded proteins
  • controls the passage of molecules in adn out of the cell
A

plasma membrane

53
Q

what are the organic building blocks

A
  • H + C = hydrocarbons
  • hydrocarbons + O = carbs and lipids
  • carbs and lipids + N = amino acids and proteins
  • amino acids and proteins + S = sulfur-containing amino acids and proteins
  • amino acids and proteins + P = nucleic acids, RNA, and DNA
54
Q

where is aldehyde commonly found?

A

carbs

C-(CH)=O

55
Q

where is amine usually found?

A

proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids

56
Q

the 2 main types of eukaryotic cells

A

plant and animal cells

57
Q

where is alkene commonly found?

A

lipids

58
Q
  • whip-like appendages used for locomotion
A

flagellum

59
Q

ER that contains ribosomes

A

rough ER

60
Q
  • contains hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion
A

lysosomes

61
Q

3 unique organelles in animal cells

A

lysosomes
centrioles
flagellum

62
Q

two forms of nucleic acids:

A

DNA (2’-deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)

63
Q

two molecules combine to form a single product

A

addition reaction

64
Q
  • cellulosic inert supporting structure for rigidity
A

cell wall

65
Q

where is amine usually found?

A

proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids

CHEM 160 (5 decks)

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