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Pharmaceutics 2 > 1 - Stability > Flashcards

1 - Stability Flashcards

1
Q

Define drug stability

A

extent to which a product retains, which in specified limits and throughout its period of storage and use, the same properties and characteristics it possessed at the time of manufacture

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2
Q

What are the 3 areas of concern when describing drug stability

A
  • chemical (active ingredients retain chemical integrity and potency within limits)
  • physical (properties such as dissolution and appearance are retained)
  • microbiological (sterility or resistance to microbial growth retained)
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3
Q

(Chemical) - product specifications have limits usually ______% of the label

A

+- 2-10%

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4
Q

What can physical degradation lead to?

A

-can lead to reduced bioavailability and reduced efficacy

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5
Q

What does microbiological stability refer to?

A

basically keeping a product sterile or resisting microbial growth

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6
Q

Describe hydrolysis (chemical degradation)

A
  • decomposition of a drug through a rxn with water

- water acts as a nucleophilic agent and attacks electrophilic sites of drug molecule

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7
Q

What are the most common functional groups involved in hydrolysis?

A

carboxyl derivatives

  • lactams
  • esters
  • amides
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8
Q

Describe oxidation (chemical degradation)

A
  • often mediated through atmospheric oxygen
  • most are free radical and occur spontaneously under ordinary conditions (auto oxidative)
  • color/aroma changes seen (oxidative processes are usually more conjugated)
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9
Q

In what solutions/states can oxidation occur in?

A
  • aqueous solution
  • non-aqeous solution
  • solid state
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10
Q

Oxidation is viewed as ?

A
  • loss of electrons
  • loss of hydrogen
  • gain of oxygen
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11
Q

Give examples of functional groups subject to oxidation

A
  • phenols
  • catechol
  • ether
  • thiols
  • thioether
  • aldehyde
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12
Q

Describe photolysis (chemical degradation)

A

-light provides energy (photon) for initiation of an oxidative process

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13
Q

When electromagnetic radiation absorbed by a molecule the following may occur: (4 things)

A

1) molecule decomposes with release of free radical
2) energy retained - chemical change
3) energy converted to heat and no reaction occurs
4) absorbing molecules emit light of different wavelength

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14
Q

Dehydration ?

A

loss of a water molecule

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15
Q

Is dehydration a chemical change?

A

No - just changes the crystal habit of the drug (pseudo polymorphism) which may result in solubility changes

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16
Q

Formation of a pseudopolymorph may affect _____ due to solubility changes.

It may also affect _____.

A

bioavailability

stability

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17
Q

Racemization

A

changes in optical activity may result in very significant changes in biological activity

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18
Q

Can the body metabolize l or d amino acids?

A

It can only metabolize l-amino acids

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19
Q

Can DXM (dextromethorphan) be dangerous?

A

not at medically-recommended doses (there are almost no psychoactive effects)

-but at high doses - has euphoric, psychedelic, and dissociative properties

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20
Q

What is the recreational use of DXM referred as?

A

robo-tripping

Triple Cs

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21
Q

______ is an opioid analgesic

A

levomethorphan

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22
Q

B-lactam group of penicillins/cephalosporins with amino group of an amino glycoside antibiotic = ???

A

inactive amide

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23
Q

Drug containing primary amine and one with aldehyde functional group = ???

A

Schiff’s base

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24
Q

Drug with amine functional group and hydroxyl group of a sugar = ??

A

Maillard reaction

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25
Q

Polymorphism is a type of ____ degredation

A

physical

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26
Q

How do polymorphs differ and result in solubility differences?

A

they differ in crystal structure and crystal energies

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27
Q

Polymorphism may result in an ___ product

A

unusable

*could result in caking of product

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28
Q

What are 4 examples of physical degradation?

A
  • polymorphism
  • vaporization
  • aging
  • adsorption
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29
Q

Explain vaporization (physical degradation)

A
  • some drugs have high vapour pressure and drug is lost through vaporization
  • severe changes in tablet content and uniformity may occur
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30
Q

Explain aging (physical degradation)

A
  • changes can occur in the disintegration/dissolution properties of the formulation
  • hardening or softening alters the disintegration/dissolution and bioavailability
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31
Q

Explain adsorption (physical degradation)

A

drug loss to packaging materials as well as documented in IV solutions in PVC plastic

32
Q

How are adsorption problems avoided?

A

-care must be taken in container selection

33
Q

Define shelf life (t90)

A

the time when the initial concentration of active drug bas decreased by 10%

34
Q

Order of a rxn must be determined _____

A

experimentally

35
Q

T or F: Expiration dates are usually based on zero or first order kinetics.

A

true

36
Q

First order calculations: plot of Log[D] vs time gives a straight line with a slope equal to ?

A

-K1/2.303

37
Q

formula for shelf life for first order calculations

A

t90 = 0.105/k1

38
Q

units for a first order rate constant ?

A

t^-1 or 1/time

39
Q

loss of drug directly ____ to the concentration remaining with respect to time

A

proportional

40
Q

t1/2 is ____ for first order calculations

A

constant

41
Q

see slide 27 for first order equation

A

ok

42
Q

Zero order calculations: plot of concentration vs time is ____ and gives a slop of __

A

linear

Ko

43
Q

shelf life formula for zero order calculations

A

t90 = 0.1[D]o/ko

44
Q

unit of rate constant for zero order rxns

A

concentration/time

45
Q

zero order rxns: loss of drug _____ of concentration and ____ with respect to time

A

independent

constant

46
Q

see slide 30 for zero order equation

A

ok

47
Q

List factors affecting rxn rate

A
  • temperature
  • catalysis
  • pH effects
  • solvent effects
  • solubility effects
48
Q

Explain how temperature affects rxn rate

A

rxn rates are proportional to the number of collisions so expect rxn rate to increase with increasing temperature

49
Q

Explain how a catalyst has increases rate of rxn

A

a catalyst is a substance which increases rate constant of a rxn but does not change the equilibrium constant

50
Q

Is a catalyst transformed or consumed?

A

Neither - it interacts with the reactants to facilitate reaction

51
Q

A catalyst decreases ??

A

activation energy

52
Q

How does pH affect reaction rates?

A

certain pH’s can be better for certain rxn rates

they can measure rxn rate while changing pH and keeping other variables (temp, ionic strength, and solvent composition) held constant

and then determine what pH indicates the best rxn rate

53
Q

What do you plot for a pH profile for a first order rxn?

A

log k vs pH

54
Q

What do you plot for a pH profile for a zero order rxn?

A

k vs pH

55
Q

What kind of pH profiles can you see?

A

1) V-shaped curve
- seen with non-ionizable substrate subject to hydrolysis
- in this case put rxn at the lowest rxn rate (so it will go the slowest)

2) sigmoid shaped curve
- seen when the drug molecule can undergo acid/base dissociation so this is the typical curve for an ionizable substrate
- we want it buffered somewhere near the tail of the curve see diagram for pic
- we don’t want the rxn to go too fast or too quickly

56
Q

Always pick the pH that allows the lowest reaction rate

A

okay man

57
Q

water miscible solvents that can be added into formulation to solubilize the drug - examples?

A
  • alcohol
  • propylene glycol
  • glycerol
  • polymeric acids (PEG)
58
Q

increase in solvent polarity ____ the rates when a charge is developed in the activated complex

A

accelerates

59
Q

increase in solvent polarity _____ the rates when there less charge in the activated complex

A

decreases

60
Q

Give some examples of how you could stabilize drug products

A

-prepare insoluble salt and formulate it as a suspension

61
Q

What does reduced solubility in a suspension do?

A

decreases amount of drug available for rxn

62
Q

T or F: drug can undergo apparent first order rxn in solution and then when formulated as a suspension, it decomposes through apparent zero order kinetics

A

true

63
Q

What are two stabilization strategies?

A

hydrolysis

oxidation

64
Q

Drug must be in ____ for hydrolysis to occur

A

solution

65
Q

Therefore exclusion of water will ____ the rate

A

slow

66
Q

control of ___ allows some control over hydrolysis rate

A

pH

67
Q

Storing a product at a ____ temperature may be used to increase product stability

A

reduced

*note this does not mean freezing - can only freeze a limited amount of drugs

68
Q

What can’t you freeze?

A

emulsions
protein drugs
ampicillin

69
Q

T or F: complexes can accelerate decomposition and some may alter solubility and variability

A

true

70
Q

If you have a complex - how can you overcome decomposition?

A
  • can formulate it as a suspension

- this may be a useful tactic since drug will probably degrade through apparent ZERO order kinetics

71
Q

List 4 ways you can overcome oxidation

A

1 - protect from light
2 - exclusion of oxygen
3 - addition of antioxidants
4 - control of pH

72
Q

How can you protect something from light?

A
  • amber glass
  • opaque plastics
  • foil wrapping on IV infusions
73
Q

How can you exclude oxygen?

A
  • useful for parental

- purge with inert gas (usually nitrogen) and sealed

74
Q

How can you add antioxidants?

A

-inclusion of a chelating agent such as EDTA which will consume trace amounts of metal ions which can function as catalysts (can be useful)

**an antioxidant is a material which is more easily oxidized than the product or free radical inhibitors ??
da fuck man

75
Q

What is usually a good pH range that will provide no deleterious effect on product and is physiologically acceptable?

A

3-4

Pharmaceutics 2 (5 decks)

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