1. Sources of drugs in veterinary medicine Storage, stability, sales of drugs Flashcards
How can we use drugs in therapy?
Therapy :
- Individual therapy
- Mass medication (animal production)
- Causative treatment (the virus, bacterial inflammation)
- Symptomatic (palliative) treatment
- Substitution therapy (insulin, thyroid)
DRUG USAGE
- THERAPY
- PREVENTION (PROPHYLAXIS)
- METAPHYLAXIS
- GROWTH PROMOTION
- DIAGNOSIS EX JUVANTIBUS
- EUTHANASIA
SOURCES OF DRUGS
Veterinary authorised medicines:
- Non immunological drugs
- Immunologicals (vaccines, serums, diagnostics)
Human authorised medicines
-Official (Pharmacopoeias) and Prepared medicines
Other:
- Biocides (disinfectants, insecticides, rodenticides)
- Complementary products (vitamins, minerals, natural, herbal etc.)
Who has the responsability of the veterinary authorised medicines?
In the EU - EMA has the responsability. Both on the international and national level. (European Medicines Agency)
In the US - FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1.Why do we use the drug cascade?
- If no vet drugs are avalible we treat animals with the drug cascade.
1st- other indications (for other diseases
2nd- other species
3rd-human medicine
4th-offical or prepared medicine
THEN off label medicine: owner must be informed, written form and agreement must be made if the treatment fails. (Used for horses or dogs mostly)
-failure to treat animals according to the cascade is a criminal offense
CLASSIFICATION of VETERINARY MEDICAL PRODUCTS I.
- Authorised Veterinary Medicine – General Sales List; (AVM-GSL)
- can be sold without any restrictions (shops, gas stations, pharmacies, veterinarians etc.) - Ø prescription - can be advertised to the general public. (ticks) - Non-Food Animal – Veterinarian, Pharmacist, Suitably Qualified Person (SQP); (NFA-VPS)
- can be sold only in pharmacies (over the counter) by the veterinarian or registered SQP) - more toxic, but no prescription is needed- can be advertised to the general public.
CLASSIFICATION of VETERINARY MEDICAL PRODUCTS II.
- Prescription-only Medicine – Veterinarian (POM-V)
- can be sold in the pharmacies only (with a valid prescription!! ↔ physician, vet) - can be sold by the veterinarian (animal under his/her care)
- Controlled drugs (CD) (cannabis ect.) - 5 schedules - Prescription-only Medicine – Veterinarian, Pharmacist, Suitably Qualified Person (POM-VPS)
- Prescriptions can also be written by a pharmacist or a SQP operating from premises registered with the VMD (The Veterinary Medicines Directorate) - mainly for food producing animals, medicines for prevention (e.g. antiparasitics, vaccines) - animal does not have to be under the prescriber’s care - can be advertised to the general public.
CLASSIFICATION of VETERINARY MEDICAL PRODUCTS III.
Additional categories:
- Exemption for Small Pet Animals (ESPA) products -for minor species of small animals -can be sold without any restrictions
- Homeopathic remedies - “like cures like” - very small dose, high dilution, harmless - very safe.
CLASSIFICATION of HUMAN MEDICAL PRODUCTS
General sales list medicines (GSL)
Pharmacy medicines (P)
Prescription only medicines (POM)
Why Prescription?
- Can be toxic, therapeutic index
- global impact (e.g. antibiotics)
- hazard of abusal or addiction (CD-s)
The vet writes – „animal under his/her care” So he/she is responsably.
The vet must see the animal or herd, the vet must acquire an accurate picture of the health state of the animal or herd.
STORAGE CONDITIONS OF DRUGS
Room temp: 25-30,
Refrigerated temperature 2-8,
deep frozen <-15,
should not kept frozen >-2.
- What can you add to medicines to keep them stabile?
- Toxicity can be increased:
- Vitamin C (T, metal ions, light, pH)
- Vitamin B1 (T, pH)
- Vitamin B2 (light)
- Clavulanic acid (humidity, metal ions, pH)
Toxicity can be increased:
- Tetracyclines -anhydrotetracyclines
- Diazinon –> diazoxon
Rifampicin –> potent. allergic reactions (eg. eyedrop -15°C, 1 month)
EXPIRATION
- At least 95% of the active ingredient is guaranteed before expiration
- authorized veterinary/human medicine usually 2-5 years
- Immunological products, eyedrops – shorter
- prepared in store medicine: days - months
- proper definition (year, month)
- multiple dose injections, eye drops, eye ointments - after opening max. 28 days!
But! e.g. propofol (anesthethics) - bacterial infection can happen after only one day- sepsis.
Desribe the use of drugs as prevention (prophylaxis):
- We can use drugs as prevention in surgery to prevent infection when opening up the gut or peritoneum.
- Spot-on is used to prevent ticks and vectors.
- Vaccines are also prophylaxis.
- Chemo-prophylaxis –> prevention without antibiotics.
How do we use drugs metaphylaxis?
-It is used on the whole populations, not also the animals showing symptoms. Everyone will be treated - symptomatic or not.
