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LAM II > 1. Ruminant Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

1. Ruminant Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Four regions of the ruminant stomach

A

Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum

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2
Q

In the newborn calf, the large _______ is more important for milk digestion, rather than fermentation.

A

Abomasum

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3
Q

In the 5 year old cow, the rumen is large and occupies the entire ____ side of the abdomen, pushing the liver _____.

A

Left

Cranially

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4
Q

In a 6 year old heavily pregnant cow, the uterus displaces the rumen ______ and the abomasum ______.

A

Dorsally

Cranially

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5
Q

Allows the suckling calves to bypass to the abomasum

A

Esophageal groove

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6
Q

Condition in which the esophageal groove is not in place, allowing milk to enter the rumen

A

Rumen putrefaction

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7
Q

The rumen becomes functional once _____ is introduced.

A

Grain

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8
Q

Three main functional components of the rumen

A

Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi

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9
Q

Only visible via electron microscope, they digest cellulose

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

Visible as small, medium, or large, they control the bacterial population

A

Protozoa

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11
Q

Usually present in a small amount, they aid bacteria with cellulose digestion

A

Fungi

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12
Q

Region of the ruminant stomach that acts as the hydration place, pulling out all of the water

A

Omasum

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13
Q

Region of the ruminant stomach that is the “true” stomach

A

Abomasum

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14
Q

Pressure over each area of the rumen can help determine ________ and _____ of the rumen contents

A

Consistency and fill

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15
Q

What three things can we determine from rumen auscultation?

A
  • Rate and strength of rumen contractions
  • Rumen volume
  • Nature of rumen contents
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16
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, another name for the primary cycle is _______

A

Mixing cycle

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17
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, another name for the secondary cycle is _______

A

Eructation

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18
Q

What does the frequency of primary contractions indicate?

A

The overall health of the ruminant

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19
Q

How is strength of the primary cycle determined?

A

By observing movement and loudness of sounds

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20
Q

Complete absence of reticuloruminal motility

A

Atony

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21
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during atony, there is an absence of ______ inputs or an increase in ______ inputs to the gastric center of the hypothalamus

A

Excitatory Inhibitory

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22
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during atony, there is direct _______ of the gastric center

A

Depression

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23
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during atony, there is failure of the ______ or _______ pathways

A

Vagal (nerve lesion) or motor

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24
Q

Reduction in frequency OR strength of primary contraction

A

Hypomotility

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25
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during hypomotility, there is a reduction in _______ drive to the gastric center

A

Excitatory

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26
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during hypomotility, there is an increase in ______ inputs

A

Inhibitory

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27
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during hypomotility, there is weakness of the _____ pathway

A

Motor

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28
Q

The _____ cycle is necessary to prevent bloat

A

Secondary/Eructation

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29
Q

In order for the secondary cycle to occur, the ____ ____ must reach the cardia. If the cardia is in contact with foam or fluid, it will remain firmly shut.

A

Gas cap

30
Q

Allows further breakdown of food and addition of large quantities of saliva (buffer)

A

Rumination

31
Q

Stratification of Ingesta

A
  1. Gas cap
  2. Fibrous Mat
  3. Light liquid layer
  4. Dense liquid layer
32
Q

What should the caudal aspect of the rumen be assessed for via internal ruminal palpation?

A

Volume and Consistency

33
Q

5 qualities evaluated when examining feces

A

Amount

Color

Odor

Consistency

Degree of digestion

34
Q

Decreased amount of feces could be due to which two things?

A

Functional obstruction

Decreased feed intake

35
Q

The color of feces is influennced by composition of diet, but may also reflect what?

A

Mean or undigested blood

36
Q

An abnormal odor to feces may indicate?

A

Abnormal fermentation

37
Q

Fecal consistency is associated with

A

Hydration status and Transit time of ingest

38
Q

Large fibers in feces indicates

A

Rapid turnover

39
Q

Fine plant particles in feces indicates

A

Prolonged rumen turnover

40
Q

Numerous corn kernels in feces indicates

A

Excessive grain consumption

41
Q

What are the two methods for collecting rumen fluid and which is more accurate?

A

Ororuminal collection

Rumenocentesis (More accurate)

42
Q

Why should rumen fluid samples be evaluated directly after collection?

A

To minimize coooling and air exposure on protozoal activity

43
Q

Physical characteristics evaluated when examining ruminal fluid (4)

A
  1. Color
  2. Consistency
  3. Odor
  4. Sedimentation activity test
44
Q

Chemical characteristics evaluated when examining ruminal fluid (5)

A
  1. pH
  2. Cellulose digestion test
  3. Glucose fermentation test
  4. Nitrate reduction test
  5. Rumen fluid chloride
45
Q

Two types of microscopical exams when examining ruminal fluid

A

Quantitative and Qualitative

46
Q

Normal rumen fluid color if eating hay

A

Olive to brownish green

47
Q

Normal rumen fluid color if eating grain or silage ration

A

Yellowish brown

48
Q

Abnormal rumen fluid color, black/green, indicates

A

Ruminal stasis

49
Q

Abnormal rumen fluid color, milky gray/brown, indicates

A

Lactic acidosis

50
Q

Normal rumen fluid consistency

A

Slightly viscous

51
Q

Abnormal rumen fluid that appears watery indicates

A

Anorexia

52
Q

Abnormal rumen fluid that contains excess froth indicates

A

Frothy bloat or vagus indigestion

53
Q

An abnormally acidic rumen fluid odor indicates

A

Lactic acidosis

54
Q

A rotting rumen fluid odor indicates

A

Rumen putrefaction

55
Q

When performing a sedimentation activity test to evaluate microfloral activity in rumen fluid, sedimentation should occur within

A

4-8 minutes

56
Q

On sedimentation activity test, if no sedimentation or floatation occurs, it indicates

A

Frothy blot or Vagus indigestion

57
Q

On sedimentation activity test, if sedimentation occurs very rapidly (<3 mins), it indicates

A

Inactive microflora = Ruminal acidosis

58
Q

Normal rumen fluid pH if grass fed

A

6-7

59
Q

Normal rumen fluid pH if on TMR

A

5.5 -6

60
Q

pH<5.5 indicates

A

Lactic acidosis

61
Q

Test done on rumen fluid for anaerobic fermentation

A

Methylene blue reduction test

62
Q

Test done for digestion of fibers

A

Cellulose digestion test

63
Q

Test done for digestion of CHOs

A

Glucose fermentation test

64
Q

Test done for digestion of protein

A

Nitrate reduction test

65
Q

Normal time range for Methylene blue reduction

A

2-6 minutes

66
Q

A methylene blue reduction test of > __ mins is inadequate and therefore ______ is indicated

A

>10 mins

Transfaunation

67
Q

Measured in a supernatant of a centrifuged sample, a rumen fluid chloride >30 mEq/L is elevated, indicating

A

Abomasal Disease

Abomasal Reflux

Obstruction of intestinal flow

68
Q

Percussion and Auscultation of the abomasum is done when we suspect ______ and we listen for a ______

A

A displaced abomasum

High pitched tympanic resonance (ping)

69
Q

Abdominocentesis of a displaced abomasum

A

Liptak Test

70
Q

Which displaced abomasum will definitely have changes seen on blood work: Left or Right?

A

Right Displaced Abomasum (often involves a volvulus)

LAM II (2 decks)

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