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Geology 110 > 1: Rocks > Flashcards

1: Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

What is a rock?

A

an aggregate of minerals and/or a mass of glass

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2
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

formed by the soldification (cooling) of molten rock material (magma)

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3
Q

Igneous rocks environments of formation?

A
  • Underground (intrusive/plutonic)

- Surface (extrusive/volcanic)

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4
Q

The texture of an igneous rock depends on the…

A

Cooling rate.

Slow cooling – Granite (coarse-grained) -> Rhyolite (fine-grained) -> Obsidian (glassy) – Fast cooling

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5
Q

To see if the igneous rock was above ground or under ground you look at the…

A

Grain size.

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6
Q

Extrusive (volcanic) Igneous Rocks

A

Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite

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7
Q

Basalt

A
  • Extrusive Igneous
  • All over the solar system
  • Air pockets - when this was magma there were bubbles floating around in it
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8
Q

Andesite

A
  • Extrusive Igneous
  • Not that common
  • Finer grain texture
  • Composition wise it is the same stuff as Diroite
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9
Q

Intrusive (plutonic) Igneous Rocks

A

Peridotite, Gabbro, Diorite, Granite

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10
Q

Peridotite

A
  • Most abundant rock under the planet
  • Make salt by melting peridotite a little bin the the mantel
  • Made up of olivine
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11
Q

Gabbro

A
  • Made up of pyraxene and other white minerals

- Pretty common rock

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12
Q

Diorite

A
  • Amphabole

- Not that common

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13
Q

Granite

A

One of the most common rock in the continental crust

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14
Q

Igneous intrusions

A

Dikes, Plutons, Batholiths

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15
Q

Dikes

A

Tabular intrusions that cut across structures in adjacent rocks

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16
Q

Plutons

A

Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions ranging from tens of meters to tens of kilometers across

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17
Q

Batholiths

A

Vast areas intruded by numerous plutons

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18
Q

Why are intrusive rocks now exposed at the surface?

A
  • Crust is being eroded away on the mountain chain

- Uplift is bring up the pluton

19
Q

Sedimentary rocks are what percent of rocks at Earth’s surface?

A

75%

20
Q

How are most sedimentary rocks are composited

A

They are mostly stratifed (layered)

21
Q

Two types of sedimentary rocks

A

Detrital (clastic) and Chemical

22
Q

How are Detrital (clastic) sedimentary rocks formed?

A

formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks

23
Q

How are Chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

A

formed from minerals precipitated from water

24
Q

Mud grain size/rock(s)?

A
  • Feels smooth on teeth
  • Mudstone
  • Shale - if splits along thin layers
25
Q

Silt grain size/rock(s)?

A
  • Feels gritty on teeth

- Siltstone

26
Q

Sand grain size/rock(s)?

A
  • Visible grains to 2mm

- Sandstone

27
Q

Gravel/Boulders grain size/rock(s)?

A
  • Visible grains more than 2mm
  • Conglomerate - if fragments are rounded
  • Breccia - if fragments are angular
28
Q

List of Chemical Sed Rocks?

A

Rock salt, Gypsum, Limestone, Coal

29
Q

Rock salt - origin/other features

A
  • Evaporation of sea or saline lake water

- light-colored, tastes salty

30
Q

Gypsum - origin/other features

A
  • Evaporation of sea or saline lake water

- light colored, soft

31
Q

Limestone - origin/other features

A
  • Precipitation of calcium carbonate from sea or lake water

- Gray, fizzes in acid (calcite), may contain fossils

32
Q

Coal - origin/other features

A
  • Buried plant material

- black, may contain plant fossils, burns

33
Q

Define metamorphic rock

A

Rocks which have been changed by effects of heat and pressure

34
Q

metamorphic rock: effects of heat

A
  • Recrystallization

- sometimes new minerals are grown

35
Q

metamorphic rock: effects of pressure

A
  • Deformation
  • Foliation, aligned mineral grains
  • Folds, usually contorted foliation
36
Q

List of metamorphic rocks

A

Slate, Schist, Quartzite, Marble, Gneiss

37
Q

Slate features and was originally what rock?

A
  • fine-grained, splits into thin sheets

- originally shale

38
Q

Schist features and was originally what rock?

A
  • coarse-grained, sparkly

- originally shale

39
Q

Quartzite features and was originally what rock?

A
  • coarse-grained, very hard

- originally sandstone

40
Q

Marble features and was originally what rock?

A
  • white, fairly soft, fizzes in acid

- originally limestone

41
Q

Gneiss features and was originally what rock?

A
  • coarse-grained, light and dark bands

- originally a wide variety of rocks

42
Q

Rock Cycle (full circle)

A
  • Magma – cooling – Igneous Rocks
  • Igneous Rocks – upflit – Weathering and Erosion
  • Weathering and Erosion – Deposition – Sediments
  • Sediments – burial and lithifiaction – Sedimentary Rocks
  • Sedimentary Rocks – heat and pressure – metamorphic rocks
  • metamorphic rocks – melting – magma
43
Q

Rock Cycle (inner circle)

A
  • Igneous rocks – heat and pressure – Metamorphic Rocks
  • Metamorphic Rocks – Uplift – Weathering and Erosion
  • Sedimentary Rocks – Uplift – Weathering and Erosion

Geology 110 (12 decks)

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