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Geology 110 > 1: Minerals > Flashcards

1: Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mineral/what criteria does it have to meet?

A
  • substance (element or chemical compound) which meets the following criteria:
    • naturally formed
    • solid
    • has a characteristic chemical formula
      • Diamond - C
      • Quartz - SiO2
      • Muscovite mica
    • Has a characteristic crystalline structure
      • controls external symmetry
        • Diamond
      • controls physical properties
        • Graphite, sheets will break and glide over each other.
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2
Q

Process of mineral formation

A
  • Crystallization from a cooling melt
  • Precipitation from a solution
    • hot water or acid solution
    • evaporation
    • secretion by organisms
  • Solid-state diffusion
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3
Q

Silicates Importance

A
  • 40% of common minerals

- 90% of the Earth’s crust

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4
Q

Silicates structures

A
  • basic building block: the silca tetrahedron
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5
Q

Polymerization (silicates strucutres)

A

linking together of molecules

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6
Q

Silicate Rock: Quartz

A
  • Framework structure
  • SiO2
  • Hard structure
  • Same minerals as glass
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7
Q

Silicate Rock: Plagioclase feldspar

A
  • Most abundant mineral in the earth’s crust
  • White in color
  • Blocky rectangular shaped crystals
  • Slightly softer hardness
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8
Q

Silicate Rock: Potassium feldspar

A
  • Similar blocky shape to it as plagioclase
  • Framework structure
  • Pink/Salmon color occasionally (if not pink, it is hard to tell from plagioclase)
  • All from granite rock
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9
Q

Silicate Rock: Muscovite Mica

A
  • Peel apart with your fingernail

- Sheet structure

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10
Q

Silicate Rock: Olivine

A
  • Green color - paragoat
    • “Olivine is olive green”
  • Most abundant mineral in the earth’s mantel
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11
Q

Silicate Rock: Pyroxene

A
  • Formed from lava
  • Common in crustal rocks
  • Single chain way of making a silicate mineral
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12
Q

Silicate Rock: Amphibole

A
  • Very similar looking to Pyroxene

- Double chain strucutre

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13
Q

Silicate Rock: Biotite Mica

A
  • Just like muscovite:
    • Peel apart with your fingernail
    • Sheet structure
  • Black instead of white (like muscovite mica)
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14
Q

What 4 has iron in them, and what does iron do?

A

Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphilbole, and Biotite Mica.

Iron gives them color.

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15
Q

Non-Silicate Rock: Calcite

A
  • Calcium Carbonate

- Main mineral in limestone

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16
Q

Non-Silicate Rock: Gypsum

A
  • Calcium sulfate

- Evaporite deposits

17
Q

Non-Silicate Rock: Halite

A
  • Sodium chloride
  • Evaporite deposits
  • Essential for human diet
18
Q

Non-Silicate Rock: Hematite

A
  • Iron oxide

- rocks formed at the surface or in shallow water

19
Q

Non-Silicate Rock: Magnetite

A
  • Iron oxide
  • rocks formed deep underground or in deep water
  • strongest magnetic material
20
Q

Asbestos?

A

A group of minerals that form tiny, flexible fibers.

21
Q

What are the 3 types of Asbestos in common use?

A

White, Brown, Blue

22
Q

White Asbestos?

A
  • Chrysotile variety of serpentine

- 90-95% of all asbestos mined is white

23
Q

Brown Asbestos?

A

Amosite, an amphibole

24
Q

Blue Asbestos?

A

Crocidolite, an amphibole

25
Q

Asbestos uses?

A
  • Insulation (have fibers that track air pockets in them)
  • Ceiling and floor tiles
  • Fire-proofing
  • Brakepads on cars
26
Q

Asbestos hazards?

A

Air-borne exposure has been linked to various lung diseases.

  • Asbestosis
  • Lung Cancer
  • Mesothelioma
27
Q

Total Asbestos deaths per year?

A

Around 7000-10000

28
Q

You breathe in ~1 million fibers/yr produced from?

A

Surface weathering of rocks.

29
Q

Which asbestos is much more pathogenic than the other types, but is no longer mined?

A

Blue Asbestos

30
Q

Chronic exposure of asbestos in occupational settings (mining, plumbing, construction) can be…?

A

Hazardous

31
Q

Risk from low-level, non-occupational exposure of asbestos is about what fraction?

A

1 in 1 million.

32
Q

What is the longest-running and most expensive mass tort in U.S. history?

A

Abatement and litigation

  • 600k total claimants
  • 6k total defendants
  • total cost > $250 billion

Geology 110 (12 decks)

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