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[OS 213] Pulmonary Module > [1] Review of Normal Structure and Function of the Lung > Flashcards

[1] Review of Normal Structure and Function of the Lung Flashcards

1
Q

Mucociliary Clearance is under Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Control?

A

Parasympathetic

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2
Q

Composition of Mucus

A

95% Water
3% Mucin
1% Lipid
< 0.3% DNA

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3
Q

Bonds present in Mucus

A

Disulfide Bonds

Calcium Ion Bonds

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4
Q

Why should you increase water intake when mucus is hard to expectorate?

A

Increase in the Sol Layer

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5
Q

Liquid Volume of Sol Layer is determined by?

A

NaCl Amount

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6
Q

What produces the Sol Layer?

A

Epithelial Serous Layer

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7
Q

Amount of Alveoli in a Human Body

A

300 Million

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8
Q

Diameter of an Alveoli

A

1/3mm.

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9
Q

Area of Alveoli

A

85 square meters

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10
Q

Width of Blood-Gas Barrier

A

<0.5 microns

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11
Q

What maintains patency of the alveolar cells?

A

Surfactants

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12
Q

What mainly produces surfactants?

A

Alveolar Type II Cells

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13
Q

Technical name of Surfactant

A

Phospholipid Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidyl Choline

DPPC

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14
Q

What is Laplace’s Law?

A

Larger the surface area, the smaller the surface tension

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15
Q

Formula for Compliance

A

Compliance = P / V

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16
Q

Effect of Emphysema on Lung Compliance

A

Decreased elastic recoil -> High Compliance

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17
Q

Effect of Fibrosis on Lung Compliance

A

Low Compliance

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18
Q

Effect of Expiration on Pleural Pressure

A

Becomes less negative

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19
Q

Space that lies between the epithelial basement membrane and the vascular basement membrane

A

Interstitium

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20
Q

How does exercise help unmask hypoxemia?

A

Shortens transmit time giving RBCs less time to complete gas exchange

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21
Q

Which part of the lung is more perfused?

Which part is more ventilated?

A

Both are the lower part of the lung because of the lower pleural pressure that allows it to expand

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22
Q

Expansion is greater at the Apex of the Lung or the Base?

A

Base

23
Q

Ventilation / Perfusion ratio is greater at which part of the lung?

A

The Top since the Ventilation would become greater than the Perfusion

(Keep in mind that in both cases, ventilation and perfusion are still greater at the base of the lung)

24
Q

How come Bacilli prefer the top of the lung better than the bottom?

A

More ventilation than perfusion

25
Q

What do you call situations with high flow but no perfusion?

A

Shunt

26
Q

Most potent vasoconstrictor of Pulmonary Blood Vessels?

A

Lack of Oxygen

27
Q

Is CO2 more or less soluble in liquid compared to O2?

A

More soluble, by 20x

28
Q

Is there CO2 present usually in alveolar area?

A

No

29
Q

Receptors Mainly Important for Detecting Elevated PCO2 Levels

A

Carotid Artery Surroundings

30
Q

5 Mechanisms Causing Hypoxemia

A
  1. Low Inspired O2
  2. Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch (Most Common)
  3. Shunting
  4. Decrease in Diffusing Capacity
  5. Hypoventilation
31
Q

Hallmark of Alveolar Hypoventilation

A

Pa CO2 Always Increased

Increase in PACO2 triggers hyperventilation, since CO2 is very diffusible, it will cause the increase

32
Q

Effect of Supplemental O2 on PaO2

A

PaO2 does not improve significantly because of shunted blood causing no perfusion

33
Q

How come Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome mimics a Shunt?

A

The alveoli are full of liquid already resulting in no ventilation, and since it cannot ventilate the perfusion is also affected

(Perfusion does still occur, making it different from shunts)

34
Q

The only time a Ventilation Abnormality is obstructive?

A

Airway Problem

Everything else is restrictive

35
Q

Most pulmonary diseases manifest with?

A

Cough and Dyspnea

36
Q

Level of the Larynx

A

C4-C6

37
Q

Level of the Carina

Expiration
Inspiration

A

E: T5
I: T6

38
Q

Aspirated material is more likely to enter the right or left lung?

A

The right, since the main bronchus is less sharply angled here as compared to the left

39
Q

Anatomic Division of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract in Adults

A

Vocal Cords

40
Q

Anatomic Division of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract in Children

A

Cricoid Cartilage

41
Q

Conducting Zone spans which generations of airway?

A

1st 16 generations

42
Q

Where are the chief sites of greatest resistance?

A

Medium-sized Bronchi (5th-7th Generations)

43
Q

What is the Reid Index

A

Ratio between thickness of submucosal glands and wall thickness between epithelium and cartilage that covers bronchi

44
Q

Normal Reid Index

A

<0.4

45
Q

Is there gas exchange in the Transitional Zone?

A

Yes

46
Q

Is air flow turbulent or laminar in the Central Airways?

A

Turbulent Bulk Flow

47
Q

Which provides more airway resistance? Central or peripheral airways?

A

Central: 80
Peripheral: 20

48
Q

Effect of Cystic Fibrosis on the Mucus Layer

A

Abnormal Cl- channels cause lack of water in the sol layer and in the end causing very thick mucous

49
Q

What are responsible for secretion of surfactant precursors in the Type II Pneumocytes?

A

Cytosomes

50
Q

When is Equal Point Pressure achieved?

A

When intrapleural pressure equals airway pressure

51
Q

Most potent vasoconstrictor of pulmonary blood vessels

A

Lack of O2

52
Q

Situations that would cause a right shift of Hemoglobin-O2 Binding Curve

A 
CO2
Acidity
DPG
Exercise
Temperature
53
Q

Where is the respiratory center located?

A

Medulla Oblongata

[OS 213] Pulmonary Module (16 decks)

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