1. Research Flashcards
1
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- use of routine vital and health statistics to describe the distribution of disease in time and place by person
2
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- numerators, denominators and populations at risk;
3
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- time at risk;
4
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- methods for summarising data;
5
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- incidence and prevalence including direct and indirect standardisation,
6
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- years of life lost;
7
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- measures of disease burden (event-based and time-based) and population attributable risks including identification of comparison groups appropriate to pubic health
8
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- sources of variation, its measurement and control;
9
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- common errors in epidemiological measurement, their effect on numerator and denominator data and their avoidance
10
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- concepts and measures of risk;
11
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- the odds ratio;
12
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- rate ratio and risk ratio (relative risk);
13
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- association and causation;
14
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- biases and confounding;
15
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- interactions, methods for assessment of effect modification;
16
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- strategies to allow / adjust for confounding in design and analysis;
17
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
17.the design, applications, strengths and weaknesses of descriptive studies and ecological studies
18
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- design, applications, strengths and weaknesses of cross-sectional, analytical studies (including cohort, case control and nested case control studies) and intervention studies (including randomised controlled trials)
19
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- analysis of health and disease in small areas;
20
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- validity, reliability and generalisability
21
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- intention to treat analysis;
22
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- clustered data - effects on sample size and approaches to analysis;
23
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- numbers needed to treat (NNTs) - calculation, interpretation, advantages and disadvantages
24
Q
1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
A
- time-trend analysis, time series designs;
25
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
25. methods of sampling from a population;
26
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
26. methods of allocation in intervention studies;
27
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
27. 28. 29. the design of documentation for recording survey data, construction of valid questionnnaires and methods for validating observational techiques
28
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
30. studies of disease prognosis.
29
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology
40. the ethics and etiquette of epidemiological research.
30
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology, appropriate use of statistical methods in the analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies, including:
life-table analysis;
31
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology, appropriate use of statistical methods in the analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies, including:
32. epidemic theory (effective and basic reproduction numbers, epidemic thresholds) and techniques for analysis of infectious disease data (construction and use of epidemic curves, generation numbers, exceptional reporting and inentification of significant clusters)
32
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology, appropriate use of statistical methods in the analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies, including:
33. systematic reviews, methods for combining data from several studies, and meta-analysis;
33
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology, appropriate use of statistical methods in the analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies, including:
34. electronic bibliographical databases and their limitations;
34
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology, appropriate use of statistical methods in the analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies, including:
35. grey literature;
35
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology, appropriate use of statistical methods in the analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies, including:
38. publication bias;
36
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology, appropriate use of statistical methods in the analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies, including:
36. evidence based medicine and policy;
37
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology, appropriate use of statistical methods in the analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies, including:
37. the hierarchy of research evidence - from well conducted meta-analysis down to small case series
38
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology, appropriate use of statistical methods in the analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies, including:
39. the Cochrane Collaboration;
39
# 1. Research Methods
a. Epidemiology, appropriate use of statistical methods in the analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies, including:
41. Understanding of basic issues and terminology in the design, conduct, analysis and interpretation of population based genetic association studies, including twin studies, linkage and association studies
40
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
1. elementary probability theory;
41
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
2. methods for the quantification of uncertainty;
42
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
3. estimation of confidence intervals;
43
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
4. independence of events;
44
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
4. conditional probability;
45
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
5. standard statistical distributions (e.g. normal, Poisson and binomial) and their uses;
46
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
5. sampling distributions;
47
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
6. principles of making inferences from a sample to a population;
48
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
7. measures of location and dispersion and their appropriate uses;
49
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
8. graphical methods in statistics;
50
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
9. hypothesis testing;
51
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
10. type I and II errors;
52
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
11. problems of multiple comparisons;
53
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
12. parametric and non-parametric tests for comparing two or more groups;
54
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
13. sample size and statistical power;
55
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
14. regression and correlation;
56
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
15. the appropriate use, objectives, and value of multiple linear regression, multiple logistic regression, principles of life tables and Cox regression
57
# 1. Research Methods
b. Statistical methods
16. 17. 18. 19. comparison of survival rates; heterogeneity; funnel plots; the role of Bayes' theorem.
58
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
1. the uses of epidemiology and other methods in defining health service needs and in policy development
59
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
2. participatory needs assessment;
60
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
3. formulation and interpretation of measures of utilisation and performance;
61
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
4. measures of supply and demand;
62
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
5. 6. study design for assessing effectiveness, efficiency and acceptability of services including measures of structure, process, service quality, and outcome of helath care
63
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
7. measures of health status, quality of life and health care;
64
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
7. population health outcome indicators;
65
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
8. deprivation measures;
66
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
9. principles of evaluation, including quality assessment and quality assurance;
67
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
10. equity in health care;
68
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
11. clinical audit;
69
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
12. confidential enquiry processes;
70
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
13. the use of Delphi methods;
71
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
15. appropriateness and adequacy of services and their acceptability to consumers and providers;
72
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
14.economic evaluation (see also 4.d);
73
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
16. epidemiological basis for preventive strategies;
74
# 1. Research Methods
c. Approaches to the assessment of health care needs, utilisation and outcomes, and the evaluation of health and health care
17. health and environmental impact assessment.
75
# 1. Research Methods
d. The principles of qualitative methods including:
1. semi-structured, narrative and in-depth interviewing, focus groups, action research, participant observation
76
# 1. Research Methods
d. The principles of qualitative methods including:
1. the contribution of qualitative methods to public health research and policy;
77
# 1. Research Methods
d. The principles of qualitative methods including:
2. the appropriate use, analysis and presentation of qualitative data;
78
# 1. Research Methods
d. The principles of qualitative methods including:
3. the ethical issues which may arise;
79
# 1. Research Methods
d. The principles of qualitative methods including:
5. common errors and their avoidance;
80
# 1. Research Methods
d. The principles of qualitative methods including:
4. strengths and weaknesses.
