1. Renaissance/Reformation 1300-1650

Question 1

What was humanism?

Answer 1

An intellectual movement, in which humanists studied classical cultures, such as Greece and Rome, to increase their understanding of their own times.

Question 2

What are humanities?

Answer 2

Subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history.

Question 3

Francesco Petrarch

Answer 3

1300s, Renaissance poet, scholar, humanist. He assembled a library of Greek and roman manuscripts in monasteries and churches.

Question 4

What were the main characteristics of the Renaissance?

Answer 4

Creativity, agricultural to urban society, trade importance, reawakened interest in learning.

Question 5

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

Answer 5

• Italy was the center of the Roman empire
• Roman Catholic Church supported artists and scholars
• Location on Mediterranean Sea encouraged trade
• Trade routes through Italy carried ideas
• Strong leadership in city-states

Question 6

How did Florence become?

Answer 6

The Medici family held Florence together in difficult times and was a financial supporter of the arts. Lorenzo “The Magnificent”

Question 7

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 7

1450-1520 Curious inventor and artist. He was experimental, genius, and very creative. Had sketches of planes and submarines.

Question 8

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Answer 8

1470-1560 “Melancholy genius” Many talents, famous sculptures of Roman influence. Murals of Sistine Chapel, 4 years.

Question 9

Raphael

Answer 9

1480-1520 Painter, blended styles, pictured thinkers and scientists.

Question 10

Famous Writers: Baldassare Castiglione, Niccolo Machiavelli

Answer 10

“The Book of the Courtier” Castiglione. Depicted ideal for me and women. Most widely read book.
“The Prince” Machiavelli. Depicted how rulers could attain power. ‘Machiavellian’ Came to mean gaining power by deceit.

Question 11

What was the Printing Revolution? How did it shape European society?

Answer 11

The invention of the printing press had enabled millions of books to be produced by 1500. More people learned to read, and Europeans became educated.

Question 12

What themes did Northern Renaissance artists explore?

Answer 12

Themes such as religion, history, and present time beyond art, like commons people or mythology.

Question 13

What themes did Northern Humanists and Writers explore?

Answer 13

Themes such as reform of the church, ideas of new societies, and expanding education to all.

Question 14

What Renaissance ideas did Shakespeare’s work address?

Answer 14

Ideas of the individual, and the classics. Of life. His love of words advanced the English language.

Question 15

What is the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 15

A movement that called for many church reforms and shattered Christian unity.

Question 16

What factors set the stage for the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 16

Humanist ideas questioned the church. Churches had become too involved in worldly affairs; as did their popes. People wanted the simplicity of the church back.

Question 17

How was Martin Luther (1500s) influential in the Church Protests?

Answer 17

He taught that through faith and the Bible, you can gain access to God. Contrary to the indulgences that could be bought and sold, which cut off poor christians. His ideas quickly spread through Europe.

Question 18

How did John Calvin impact the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 18

Calvin set up a theocracy, and his followers became known as Calvinists. They favored morals and good behavior to be granted access into heaven. Calvinists helped spark war between the churches.

Question 19

Why was the Church of England Established?

Answer 19

King Henry the VIII (8) was desperate for a son, and wanted to remarry so that his new wife(s) may bear him one. Catholic churches did not allow multiple wives or divorce, so he took over the church so he could do so.

Question 20

What was the outcome of the Catholic Reformation?

Answer 20

Religious conflict remained, which would cause problems in government, and would cause Europe to forever be divided by differing interpretations of Christianity.

Question 21

How did new discoveries in astronomy change how people viewed the universe?

Answer 21

Copernicus - Heliocentric world
Kepler - Ellipse orbit
Galileo - Astronomical telescope, planets orbit

Question 22

Why were the new astronomical theories rejected?

Answer 22

They went against old teachings, and the Church rejected the new theories.

Question 23

Explain the new scientific method.

Answer 23

Reasoning was used to propose a hypothesis, and observation and experimentation would lead to truth/conclusion. This process would be repeated to confirm or change hypotheses.

Question 24

Explain The Scientific Revolution highlights of Medicine and Chemistry.

Answer 24

Through dissection, doctors learned about the human anatomy. Medical instruments, surgical procedures, medical ointments.
Chemicals were called building blocks, Newton discovered gravity, and made calculus.