1. Renaissance/Reformation 1300-1650 Flashcards
What was humanism?
An intellectual movement, in which humanists studied classical cultures, such as Greece and Rome, to increase their understanding of their own times.
What are humanities?
Subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history.
Francesco Petrarch
1300s, Renaissance poet, scholar, humanist. He assembled a library of Greek and roman manuscripts in monasteries and churches.
What were the main characteristics of the Renaissance?
Creativity, agricultural to urban society, trade importance, reawakened interest in learning.
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
- Italy was the center of the Roman empire
- Roman Catholic Church supported artists and scholars
- Location on Mediterranean Sea encouraged trade
- Trade routes through Italy carried ideas
- Strong leadership in city-states
How did Florence become?
The Medici family held Florence together in difficult times and was a financial supporter of the arts. Lorenzo “The Magnificent”
Leonardo da Vinci
1450-1520 Curious inventor and artist. He was experimental, genius, and very creative. Had sketches of planes and submarines.
Michelangelo Buonarroti
1470-1560 “Melancholy genius” Many talents, famous sculptures of Roman influence. Murals of Sistine Chapel, 4 years.
Raphael
1480-1520 Painter, blended styles, pictured thinkers and scientists.
Famous Writers: Baldassare Castiglione, Niccolo Machiavelli
“The Book of the Courtier” Castiglione. Depicted ideal for me and women. Most widely read book.
“The Prince” Machiavelli. Depicted how rulers could attain power. ‘Machiavellian’ Came to mean gaining power by deceit.
What was the Printing Revolution? How did it shape European society?
The invention of the printing press had enabled millions of books to be produced by 1500. More people learned to read, and Europeans became educated.
What themes did Northern Renaissance artists explore?
Themes such as religion, history, and present time beyond art, like commons people or mythology.
What themes did Northern Humanists and Writers explore?
Themes such as reform of the church, ideas of new societies, and expanding education to all.
What Renaissance ideas did Shakespeare’s work address?
Ideas of the individual, and the classics. Of life. His love of words advanced the English language.
What is the Protestant Reformation?
A movement that called for many church reforms and shattered Christian unity.
What factors set the stage for the Protestant Reformation?
Humanist ideas questioned the church. Churches had become too involved in worldly affairs; as did their popes. People wanted the simplicity of the church back.
How was Martin Luther (1500s) influential in the Church Protests?
He taught that through faith and the Bible, you can gain access to God. Contrary to the indulgences that could be bought and sold, which cut off poor christians. His ideas quickly spread through Europe.
How did John Calvin impact the Protestant Reformation?
Calvin set up a theocracy, and his followers became known as Calvinists. They favored morals and good behavior to be granted access into heaven. Calvinists helped spark war between the churches.
Why was the Church of England Established?
King Henry the VIII (8) was desperate for a son, and wanted to remarry so that his new wife(s) may bear him one. Catholic churches did not allow multiple wives or divorce, so he took over the church so he could do so.
What was the outcome of the Catholic Reformation?
Religious conflict remained, which would cause problems in government, and would cause Europe to forever be divided by differing interpretations of Christianity.
How did new discoveries in astronomy change how people viewed the universe?
Copernicus - Heliocentric world
Kepler - Ellipse orbit
Galileo - Astronomical telescope, planets orbit
Why were the new astronomical theories rejected?
They went against old teachings, and the Church rejected the new theories.
Explain the new scientific method.
Reasoning was used to propose a hypothesis, and observation and experimentation would lead to truth/conclusion. This process would be repeated to confirm or change hypotheses.
Explain The Scientific Revolution highlights of Medicine and Chemistry.
Through dissection, doctors learned about the human anatomy. Medical instruments, surgical procedures, medical ointments.
Chemicals were called building blocks, Newton discovered gravity, and made calculus.
