1 problem

Question 1

Level of analysis

Answer 1

• neural (brain as cause)
• physiological (internal chemical processes such as hormones as cause)
• genetic (genes as cause)
• evolutionary (natural selection as cause)
• learning (the individual’s prior experience with the environment as cause)
• cognitive (the individual’s knowledge or beliefs as cause)
• social (the influence of others as cause)
• cultural (the culture in which an individual develops as cause)
• developmental (age-related changes as cause)

Question 2

emotion

Answer 2

A subjective feeling that is mentally directed towards some object.

Question 3

the object of emotion

Answer 3

Can be a person (She is angry with him). An object (He is fearful of small spaces). It can be oneself: pride, shame, embarrasment, shyness, jealousy, envy, empathy, guilt. These are self-conscious emotions all which depend on the individual’s self-awareness.

Question 4

mood

Answer 4

A free-floating feeling that is not attached to any object and lasts for a sufficiently long period. (hours, days, longer)

Question 5

difference between mood and emotion

Answer 5

A feeling of being tense, jittery, and unhappy may be labeled as anxiety when it is a free-floating mood but as fear when it is an emotion associated with an object such as a snake or an upcoming examination. A feeling of being sad and upset may be labeled depres-
sion when it is free-fl oating and as grief when it is associated with a specific loss.

Question 6

Robert Plutchik’s model of primary emotions

Answer 6

who identified what he considers to be eight primary emotions. They can be arranged as four pairs of opposites: joy
versus sorrow, anger versus fear, acceptance versus disgust, and surprise versus expectancy.

Question 7

Discrete emotion theory

Answer 7

Emotions motivate us to approach objects that can help us to survive and reproduce and avoid or repel objects that hinder us in doing so. They promote our survival and reproduction by communicating our needs and intentions to the environment . Strong emotions of all sorts focus our attention narrowly
on the object of the emotion and lead us to ignore, for a time, other events and drives that would distract us from that object.

Question 8

Facial expressions as a body’s way of getting ready to action

Answer 8

-They may be the body’s way of dealing with the emotion-arousing situation.
fear: widening of the eyes, opening of the nasal passages - increase the field of vision and sensitivity to odors

Question 9

Common sense theory

Answer 9

Peripheral changes are caused by our emotions.
Stimulus - Perception (Interpretation of stimulus, danger) - Emotion (fear) - Bodily arousal (pounding heart)

Question 10

James theory of emotions

Answer 10

Bodily reaction to an emotion provoking stimulus is automatic, the assessment of one’s emotional state comes later and is based on the preception of the bodily state.
Stimulus (bear) - Perception (interpretation of stimulus - danger) - bodily arousal (pounding heart) - emotion (fear)

Question 11

Schachter’s Theory of emotion

Answer 11

he proposed that perception and thought about the environment influence the type of emotion felt, and that sensory feedback about the degree of bodily arousal influences the intensity of the emotion felt. Schachter also proposed that the intensity of the emotional feeling influences the interpretation of the stimu-
lus.

Question 12

Schachter’s experiment

Answer 12

He injected people with epinephrine (adrenaline) and exposed people to emotion-enducing situations. In itself epinephrine doesn’t produce any emotions. Paired with things like a horror movie it intesified the emotions. Emotion-enhancing effect.

Question 13

amygdala

Answer 13

A cluster of nuclei buried underneath the cerebral cortex, in the temporal lobe, is part of the limbic system. The brain’s early warning system, it receives stimulus input from all of the body’s sensory sytems.

Question 14

The two ways the amygdala receives sensory input

Answer 14

• subcortical route: very rapid, it analyzes information before that information has been processed by sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.
• cortical route: it analyzes in more detail, that has been processeb by the cerebral cortex. The amygdala sends its output to many brain regions, through

Question 15

activation of the left frontal cortex

Answer 15

is associated with approach-motivation, typically associated with pleasurable activities

Question 16

activation of the right frontal cortex

Answer 16

withdrawal-motivation, typically corresponding to avoidance of nega-
tive stimuli.

Question 17

Neural explanations

Answer 17

Explaining behaviour by trying to understand how the nervous system works.
Behvaioral neuroscience: studying individual neurons, studying larger pathways or brain regions

Question 18

Jelousy (neural explanation)

Answer 18

EEG recordings:
activation of the left frontal cortex: approach-motivation associated with pleasurable activities
the primary
motivational state in jealousy is one of approach, possibly aimed at preventing a
threatening liaison between the target of one’s jealousy and another person, or at
re-establishing their primary relationship.

Question 19

Physiological explanations

Answer 19

biopsychology. Biopsychologists study the ways hormones and drugs act on the brain to alter behavior and experience, either in humans or in nonhuman animals.

Question 20

sexual attraction and strong emotions

Answer 20

Barclay and Haber (1965)
The professor harshly criticized students for having done poorly on tests. Another group served as a control one. They were both tested for feelings of agression and sexual arousal as measured by explicit
sexual content in stories written in response Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)-like
stimuli.

Question 21

(Barclay, 1969, 1970) fraternity and sorority

Answer 21

The 1970 study
employed a female experimenter, which demonstrated that the aggression-sexual arousal
link was not specific to male aggression; the
1969 study provided additional support for
the hypothesis by using a physiological measure of sexual arousal (acid phosphatase content in urine samples)

Question 22

Aron (1970)
General relationship between emotional arousal and sexual attraction

Answer 22

Residual emotion from intense role playing. 40 male subjects role played with the same attractive female confederate in either a highly emotional or a minimally emotional way. Subjects enacting highly emotional roles Included significantly more sexual imagery in
stories written in response to TAT-like stimuli
(p < .01) and indicated significantly more
desire to kiss the confederate (p < .05)

Question 23

Aron’s hypothesis

Answer 23

Aron (1970) hypothesized that strong emotions are relabeled as sexual attraction whenever an acceptable object is present, and emotion-producing circumstances do not require the full
attention of the individual.