1 Powerpoint Flashcards
Aristotle
Thought the heart was the seat of mental capacities, the brains job was to cool the blood.
What’s the neuron doctrine
Brain composed of independent cells. Signals transmitted from cell to cell across gaps.
Hippocrates view?
Wrote of the brain as the seat of thoughts and emotions
Galen
Reported behavioral changes in brain injured gladiators
What’s old phrenology?
Assigned separate functions to cortical areas. Bumps on the skull were thought to overdue enlarged brain regions which were matched to behaviors. “More bumps - smarter”
What’s the neuron doctrine?
Brain composed of independent cells. Signal transmitted from cell to cell across gaps.
Santiago Ramon y cajal
Used golgis cell staining method to observe neurons - proposes neuron doctrine.
Uni polar neurons
A single extension that branches in two directions, forming a receptive pil and an output zone
Bipolar neurons
One axon, one dendrite. Only found in the eye
Multi-polar neurons
One Avon, many dendrites - most common type. Very slow
Input zone
Where neurons collect and integrate information, either from the environment or from other cells
Integration zone
Where the decision to produce a neural signal is made
Conduction zone
Where information can be transmitted over great distances
Output zone
Where the neuron transfers information to other cells
Sensory neurons
Respond to environment, such as light, odor, or touch
Motoneurons
Contact muscles or glands
Interneurons
Receive input from and send input to other neurons - integration (most neurons in CNS)
Name the 4 glial cells
A strictures, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia
What’s an astrocytes
Most numerous glial cell in brain, look like star. Fill spaces between neurons for support, regulate composition of the extracellular space. Mainly for support
What’s Alexander’s disease?
Astrocytes fill up w gfap, then fail
Oligodendrocytes
Wrap axons with myelin sheaths inside brain and spinal cord. Each oligodendrocyte wraps several axons. Form segments of myelin sheaths
What’s nodes of ranvier?
Where axon membrane is exposed
What do oligodendrocytes have to do with MS
They are seen as foreign bodies and get attacked. It’s an injury from autoimmune attack
What the function of microglia cells?
Phagocytes that clean up debris from dying neurons and glia
What are ependymal cells function
Line ventricles, secrete and absorb cerebral spinal fluid
What are dendritic spines
Dendritic spines have neural plasticity - their # and structure are rapidly altered by experience ( they increase surface area)
What are the pre ganglionic neurons?
From CNS to autonomic ganglia
What are post ganglionic neurons
From autonomic ganglia to targets in the body
What does the sympathetic activation do?
Prepares the body for action
What does the parasympathetic activation do
Rests and digests (turns things off one by one)
What’s the horizontal plane of the brain?
Top and bottom
What’s the Sagittal cut of the brain
Left and right
What’s the coronal plane of the brain
Front and back
What does medial mean
Toward the middle
What’s is ipsilateral
Same side
What’s anterior
Head end
What’s proximal
Near center
What’s dorsal?
Toward the back
What’s lateral
Toward the side
What’s contralateral
Opposite side
What’s posterior
Tail end
What’s distal
Toward periphery
What’s ventral
Toward the belly
What afferent?
Carries impulses into a region of interest (sensory)
What’s efferent
Carries impulses away from a region of interest (motor)
What’s white matter?
Composed of axon bundles. White bc myelin sheaths (white fatty tissue) cover the axons.
Gray matter
Composed of clusters of cell bodies, have dark gray appearance
Name the four cortical lobes
Frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
What does the basal ganglia control?
Movement
What is the limbic system in charge of?
Emotional memory, regulation
What is the diencephalon made up of
Thalamus, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies
What is reticular formation?
Sleep and arousal. Temperature and motor control. (if this isn’t working, you’re in a coma)
What is the pons function?
Contains motor and sensory nuclei to the face
Medulla
Transition of brain to spinal cord, heart rate, & breathing.
What’s the cerebellum’s function?
Motor coordination and learning
What’s a subdural hematoma?
Blood clot in the brain. Slow bleeding
What do cerebral ventricle do?
They make Csf, surrounds and cushions the brain!
Kaitlyn you fucking got this shit
Explain CSF production
1) Produced by ependymal cells.
2) flows through cerebral aqueduct
3) exits brain at medulla
4) absorbed into blood system
What’s hydrocephalus
Brain filled w fluid. Can put shunt in and drain it
How many layers does the cerebral cortex have
Six
What is pachygyria?
There is only 3 layers instead of 6 in the cerebral cortex. Caused by not enough neurons, and neurons that didn’t migrate properly.
What do white matter Tracts do?
Connect brain areas. (Short and long distance connections)
What’s a ct scan
X Ray absorption shows tissue density
What’s an mri
Strong magnets cause protons in brain tissue to line up parallel. A pulse of radio waves knocks protons over. Protons reconfigure, emitting radio waves that differ by tissue density
What’s a pet scan
Used radio active chemicals injected into the bloodstream and maps their destination by their emissions. Identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions
What’s a functions mri scan
Detects changes in brain Metabolism, like oxygen use, In active brain areas. They can show how networks of brain structures collaborate
What are meninges
Brain wrappings
What are the layers of miniges
Dura matter, subdural matter, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia matter, artery, brain
