1. Population Flashcards
What is natural increase
Birth rate - Death rate
Countries with a high natural increase
Niger
Countries with a low natural increase
Russia
Countries with a negative natural increase
Japan
Crude birth rate
of births in 1 year/total population
Crude death rate
deaths in 1 year/#thousand total population
Fertility rate
Number of live births per 1000 for women aged 15-49
Total fertility rate
Number of children that would be born to the average woman
Why are fertility rates dropping
Increase in the number of women working, therefore increasing the age that they have children, which decreases their chances of becoming pregnant
Increase in the use of contraceptives
Empowerment of women
What is the effect of more women working on total fertility rate
Women have less children, 1-2
What are examples of anti-natalist policies
Access to low cost contraception
Creation of family planning clinics
Media encouragement for small families
Free education for small families
What is infant mortality rate
Number of deaths of children aged less than 1 year old per 100 live births.
What is the neonatal mortality rate
Number of infant that die without surviving 28 days in one year per 1000 births
What is post-neonatal mortality rate
number of deaths of children aged between 28 days and 1 year per 1000 births
What was the infant mortality rate in 1959
65/1000
Infant mortality in 2017
27/1000
What has caused the decrease in the infant mortality rate
Vaccines, hospitals, NGO’s
What is relative poverty
Living in poverty compared to the average living standard around you
What is absolute poverty
Living with $1.90 USD a day
Describe a HIC population pyramid
Less baby girls, but baby boys have a higher mortality
Bulges show periods of immigration
Thinner middle from emigration
Bell-shaped
Describe a LIC population pyramid
High death rate, high birth rate Women live slightly longer Less baby girls but baby boys have a higher infant mortality large gaps between age groups High infant death rates HIgh youthful population Concave shape
Pros of a youthful population
Large workforce
High indigenous population
Child labour
What ages count as young dependents
<15
What ages count as old dependents
> 65
What is demographic transition
The changes of a countries’ population, birth rate and death rate according to economic development
Stage 1
Fluctuations in population, but still remains relatively the same
High birth and death rate
Stage 2
Very rapid population increase
Falling death rate
Birth rate remains the same
Stage 3
Population continues to increase but less rapidly
Death rate continues to gradually fall
Birth rates begin decreaseing
Stage 4
Slow increase in total population
Near-stationary death rate
birth rates continue to fall
Stage 5 (predicted)
Decrease in total population
Death rate is greater than birth rate
Dependency ratio
of dependent population/working population
What causes the high birth rates in stage 1
No birth control
High infant mortality
Children are considered assets so families feel encouraged to have more
What causes the high death rates in stage 1
High infant mortality High incidence of disease Poor nutrition and occasional famine Poor housing and hygiene No healthcare
What causes the falling death rates in stage 2
Lower infant mortality
Improved healthcare and hygiene
Better nutrition
Safe waste disposal
What causes the falling birth rate in stage 3
Smaller families Birth control Children become expensive Low infant mortality Rising urbanisation
What causes the low birth rate in stage 4
Birth control
Working women have children later
Low infant mortality
Carrying capacity
The ability of natural ecosystems to sustain continual population growth within the limit of resource abundance and within the tolerable level of environmental degradation
What is the ecological view on overpopulation
Overpopulation will destroy the ecology of the world
What is the economic view on overpopulation
Economic and technological advances will enable us to solve the problems
What is the social justice view on overpopulation
The root cause of overpopulation is the inequitable distribution of resources
What was Malthus’ view on population growth
Human population growth will cause environmental degradation. Instead of trying to curb it, just let nature run its course, ie let people die of famine, disease instead of helping them. EG Lack of British reaction to the bengal famine
What was Karl Marx’s view on population growth
Population growth results from poverty, unfair distribution of resources and resource depletion.
There is enough surplus labour in the world to allow resources for everyone.
Capitalism is the cause of problems, it does not produce a surplus.
Capitalism can provide food and necessities, but they are unevenly distributed
What are the consequences of Malthusian theory
That eventually population will exceed the agricultural capacity and then be checked, for the long term or the short term
What are short term population checks
Famine, war, disease, increased death rate
What are long term population checks
Postponment of marriage
Abstinence
Increased cost of food
What was Boserup’s view on population growth
Technology will adapt before the point of crisis is reached
Underpopulation
Few people and lots of resources
Overpopulation
Lots of people and not enough resources
Example of overpopulated country
Singapore. Their land can only support 9% of its current population
