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AS Geography > 1. Population > Flashcards

1. Population Flashcards

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1
Q

What is natural increase

A

Birth rate - Death rate

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2
Q

Countries with a high natural increase

A

Niger

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3
Q

Countries with a low natural increase

A

Russia

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4
Q

Countries with a negative natural increase

A

Japan

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5
Q

Crude birth rate

A

of births in 1 year/total population

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6
Q

Crude death rate

A

deaths in 1 year/#thousand total population

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7
Q

Fertility rate

A

Number of live births per 1000 for women aged 15-49

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8
Q

Total fertility rate

A

Number of children that would be born to the average woman

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9
Q

Why are fertility rates dropping

A

Increase in the number of women working, therefore increasing the age that they have children, which decreases their chances of becoming pregnant
Increase in the use of contraceptives
Empowerment of women

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10
Q

What is the effect of more women working on total fertility rate

A

Women have less children, 1-2

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11
Q

What are examples of anti-natalist policies

A

Access to low cost contraception
Creation of family planning clinics
Media encouragement for small families
Free education for small families

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12
Q

What is infant mortality rate

A

Number of deaths of children aged less than 1 year old per 100 live births.

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13
Q

What is the neonatal mortality rate

A

Number of infant that die without surviving 28 days in one year per 1000 births

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14
Q

What is post-neonatal mortality rate

A

number of deaths of children aged between 28 days and 1 year per 1000 births

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15
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in 1959

A

65/1000

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16
Q

Infant mortality in 2017

A

27/1000

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17
Q

What has caused the decrease in the infant mortality rate

A

Vaccines, hospitals, NGO’s

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18
Q

What is relative poverty

A

Living in poverty compared to the average living standard around you

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19
Q

What is absolute poverty

A

Living with $1.90 USD a day

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20
Q

Describe a HIC population pyramid

A

Less baby girls, but baby boys have a higher mortality
Bulges show periods of immigration
Thinner middle from emigration
Bell-shaped

21
Q

Describe a LIC population pyramid

A 
High death rate, high birth rate
Women live slightly longer
Less baby girls but baby boys have a higher infant mortality
large gaps between age groups
High infant death rates
HIgh youthful population
Concave shape
22
Q

Pros of a youthful population

A

Large workforce
High indigenous population
Child labour

23
Q

What ages count as young dependents

A

<15

24
Q

What ages count as old dependents

A

> 65

25
Q

What is demographic transition

A

The changes of a countries’ population, birth rate and death rate according to economic development

26
Q

Stage 1

A

Fluctuations in population, but still remains relatively the same
High birth and death rate

27
Q

Stage 2

A

Very rapid population increase
Falling death rate
Birth rate remains the same

28
Q

Stage 3

A

Population continues to increase but less rapidly
Death rate continues to gradually fall
Birth rates begin decreaseing

29
Q

Stage 4

A

Slow increase in total population
Near-stationary death rate
birth rates continue to fall

30
Q

Stage 5 (predicted)

A

Decrease in total population

Death rate is greater than birth rate

31
Q

Dependency ratio

A

of dependent population/working population

32
Q

What causes the high birth rates in stage 1

A

No birth control
High infant mortality
Children are considered assets so families feel encouraged to have more

33
Q

What causes the high death rates in stage 1

A 
High infant mortality
High incidence of disease
Poor nutrition and occasional famine
Poor housing and hygiene
No healthcare
34
Q

What causes the falling death rates in stage 2

A

Lower infant mortality
Improved healthcare and hygiene
Better nutrition
Safe waste disposal

35
Q

What causes the falling birth rate in stage 3

A 
Smaller families
Birth control
Children become expensive
Low infant mortality
Rising urbanisation
36
Q

What causes the low birth rate in stage 4

A

Birth control
Working women have children later
Low infant mortality

37
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The ability of natural ecosystems to sustain continual population growth within the limit of resource abundance and within the tolerable level of environmental degradation

38
Q

What is the ecological view on overpopulation

A

Overpopulation will destroy the ecology of the world

39
Q

What is the economic view on overpopulation

A

Economic and technological advances will enable us to solve the problems

40
Q

What is the social justice view on overpopulation

A

The root cause of overpopulation is the inequitable distribution of resources

41
Q

What was Malthus’ view on population growth

A

Human population growth will cause environmental degradation. Instead of trying to curb it, just let nature run its course, ie let people die of famine, disease instead of helping them. EG Lack of British reaction to the bengal famine

42
Q

What was Karl Marx’s view on population growth

A

Population growth results from poverty, unfair distribution of resources and resource depletion.
There is enough surplus labour in the world to allow resources for everyone.
Capitalism is the cause of problems, it does not produce a surplus.
Capitalism can provide food and necessities, but they are unevenly distributed

43
Q

What are the consequences of Malthusian theory

A

That eventually population will exceed the agricultural capacity and then be checked, for the long term or the short term

44
Q

What are short term population checks

A

Famine, war, disease, increased death rate

45
Q

What are long term population checks

A

Postponment of marriage
Abstinence
Increased cost of food

46
Q

What was Boserup’s view on population growth

A

Technology will adapt before the point of crisis is reached

47
Q

Underpopulation

A

Few people and lots of resources

48
Q

Overpopulation

A

Lots of people and not enough resources

49
Q

Example of overpopulated country

A

Singapore. Their land can only support 9% of its current population

AS Geography (10 decks)

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