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BIOL 5A, 5B photosynthesis and respiration / energy transfer nutrient cycles > 1. photosynthesis, respiration and ATP > Flashcards

1. photosynthesis, respiration and ATP Flashcards

1
Q

why do plants need energy

A

photosynthesis, active transport e.g. taking minerals into their roots, DNA replication, cell division and protein synthesis

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2
Q

why do animals need energy

A

muscle contraction, maintaining body temperature, active transport, DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis

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3
Q

photosynthesis is the process where

A

energy from light is used to make glucose from H2O and CO2 (light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of glucose)

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4
Q

overall equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy -> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2

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5
Q

energy is stored in the glucose till the plants

A

release it by repiration

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6
Q

how do animals obtain glucose

A

eating plants (or other animals) then respire the glucos to release energy

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7
Q

plant and animal cells release energy from glucose. this process is called

A

respiration

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8
Q

two types of respiration

A 
aerobic repiration (using O2)
anaeorbic respiration (without O2)
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9
Q

Aerobic respiration produces

A

CO2, water and releases energy

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10
Q

overall equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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11
Q

Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast produces

A

ethanol, carbon dioxide and releases energy

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12
Q

Anaerobic respiration in humans produces

A

lactate and releases energy

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13
Q

a cell cant get its energy directly from glucose so in respiration energy is released from glucose to make

A

ATP (which carries energy around the cell to where it is needed)

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14
Q

ATP is synthesised via a

A

condensation reaction between ADP and inorganic Phosphate (using energy from an energy-releasing reaction)

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15
Q

how does ATP get to the part of the cell that needs energy?

A

it diffuses

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16
Q

when ATP reaches the part of the cell it is

A

hydrolysed back into ADP and an inorganic phosphate. chemical energy is released from the phosphate bond and used by the cell

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17
Q

what enzyme catalyses the break down of ATP

A

ATP hydrolase

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18
Q

ADP and inorganic phosphate are

A

recycled and process starts again qw

19
Q

why ATP is a good energy source

stores/releases only a small manageable amount of energy so

A

no energy is wasted as heat

20
Q

why ATP is a good energy source

small soluble molecules so it can be

A

easily transported around the cell

21
Q

why ATP is a good energy source

its easily broken down so

A

energy can be easily released instantaneously

22
Q

why ATP is a good energy source

it can be quickly

A

re-made

23
Q

why ATP is a good energy source

it can make other molecules more reactive by

A

transferring one of its phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation)

24
Q

why ATP is a good energy source

ATP cant pass out of the cell so

A

the cell always has an immediate supply of energy

25
Q

terms

metabolic pathway

A

a series of small reactions controlled by enzymes e.g. respiration and photosynthesis

26
Q

terms

phosphorylation

A

adding phosphate to a molecule e.g. ADP is phosphorylated to ATP

27
Q

terms

Photophosphorylation

A

adding phosphate to a molecule using light

28
Q

terms

photolysis

A

splitting of a molecule using light energy

29
Q

terms

photoionisation

A

when light energy ‘excites’ electrons in an atom or a molecule, giving them more energy and causing them to be released
the release of electrons causes the atom or molecule to become a positivley charged ion

30
Q

terms

hydrolysis

A

splitting of a molecule using water

31
Q

terms

decarboxylation

A

removal of CO2 from a molecule

32
Q

terms

dehydrogenation

A

removal of hydrogen from a molecule

33
Q

terms

redox reaction

A

reactions that involve oxidation and reduction

34
Q

if something is reduced it has

A

gained electrons e-

may have gained Hydrogen or lost oxygen

35
Q

if something is oxidised it has

A

lost electrons e-

may have lost hydrogen or gained oxygen

36
Q

oxidation of one molecule always involves

A

reduction of another molecule

37
Q

what is a coenzyme

A

a molecule that aids the function of an enzyme

38
Q

how do coenzymes work

A

by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another

39
Q

a coenzyme used in photosynthesis is

A

NADP

40
Q

examples of coenzymes used in respiration

A

NAD
Coenzyme A
FAD

41
Q

NAD and FAD transfer

A 
H from one molecule to another 
can reduce (give H to) or oxidise (take H from) a molecule
42
Q

NADP transfers

A

Hydrogen from one molecule to another. this means it can reduce (give H to) or oxidise (take H from) a molecule

43
Q

Coenzyme A transfers

A

acetate between molecules

BIOL 5A, 5B photosynthesis and respiration / energy transfer nutrient cycles (12 decks)

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