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Pulmonology > 1 - Perfusion & Ventilation > Flashcards

1 - Perfusion & Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pulmonary variable P stand for?

A

Pressure

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2
Q

What does the pulmonary variable C stand for?

A

Content

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3
Q

What does the pulmonary variable V stand for?

A

Volume (gas)

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4
Q

What does the pulmonary variable F stand for?

A

Fractional concentration

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5
Q

What does the pulmonary variable Q stand for?

A

Volume (blood) (aka perfusion)

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6
Q

What does the pulmonary variable S stand for?

A

Saturation

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7
Q

What does the pulmonary variable A stand for?

A

Alveolar

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8
Q

What does the pulmonary variable I stand for?

A

Inspired

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9
Q

What does the pulmonary variable D stand for?

A

Dead space

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10
Q

What does the pulmonary variable E stand for?

A

Expired

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11
Q

What does the pulmonary variable T stand for?

A

Tidal

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12
Q

What does the pulmonary variable a stand for?

A

arterial

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13
Q

What does the pulmonary variable v stand for?

A

venous

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14
Q

What does the pulmonary variable c stand for?

A

capillary

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15
Q

What are the normal systolic and diastolic pressures in the pulmonary system? How do they compare to the systemic system?

A

Systolic = 25 mmHg (systemic = 120 mmHg)

Diastolic = 8 mmHg (systemic = 80 mmHg)

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16
Q

How does the pulmonary system function with pressures significantly lower than those of the systemic system?

A

Pulmonary system has much less resistance, so it requires a lower pressure and smaller pressure drop

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17
Q

Increased pulmonary arterial pressure [increases/decreases] resistance and [increases/decreases] blood flow.

A

Decreases resistance, increases blood flow (this is due to high compliance)

18
Q

What is the equation for transmural pressure?

A

P(Tm) = P(iv) - P(A)

19
Q

In regards to transmural pressure, high P(iv) and low P(A) [dilates/compresses] vessels and [increases/decreases] resistance.

A

dilates vessels, decreases resistance

20
Q

In regards to transmural pressure, low P(iv) and high P(A) [dilates/compresses] vessels and [increases/decreases] resistance.

A

compresses vessels, increases resistance

21
Q

Increased lung volume [dilates/compresses] alveolar vessels and [dilates/compresses] extra-alveolar vessels. How does this impact resistance?

A

compresses alveolar vessels (increased resistance), dilates extra-alveolar vessels (decreased resistance)

22
Q

With a PAO2 of less than 60 mmHg, pulmonary vessels [dilate/constrict]. Why?

A

Constrict; this shunts the blood flow away from a poorly perfused alveolus.

23
Q

What is the diagnosis criteria for pulmonary hypertension?

A

mean pulmonary pressure over 25 mmHg (normal 15 mmHg) at rest or 35 mmHg during exercise

24
Q

At what pulmonary capillary pressure does pulmonary edema occur?

A

Pulmonary capillary pressure over 25 mmHg

25
Q

What is the progression of pulmonary edema?

A

flooding of peri-capillary interstitial spaces –> crescentic filling of alveoli –> flooding of individual alveoli with loss of gas exchange

26
Q

How do you calculate the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric (dry) air? How do you calculate it once it has been humidified in the tracheal?

A

Atmospheric air:
P(O2) = P(total) * oxygen proportion of air –> P(O2) = 760 mmHg * 0.21

Tracheal air:
P(O2) = [P(total) - P(H2O)] * oxygen proportion of air –> P(O2) = [P(total) - P(H2O)] * 0.21

27
Q

What are the normal partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in alveolar air?

A 
P(A)O2 = 104 mmHg
P(A)CO2 = 40 mmHg
28
Q

What is the equation for minute ventilation? What are the normal values for these variables?

A

minute ventilation = respiratory rate x tidal volume

RR = 12-20 breaths/min
TV = 500 ml/breath
29
Q

How much of tidal volume is anatomic dead space in a healthy individual?

A

Of a 500 ml tidal volume, 150 ml fills the conducting airways

30
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation?

A

Alveolar ventilation = RR x (tidal volume - anatomic dead space volume)

31
Q

How can you calculate residual volume?

A

Helium dilution test:

C1 * V1 = C2 * V2 = C2 * (V1 + FRC)

32
Q

At what lung capacity is resistance the lowest?

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

33
Q

If a lung area has decreased ventilation, the lung will respond with [hypoxic vasoconstriction/hypocapnic bronchoconstriction].

A

hypoxic vasoconstriction

34
Q

If a lung area has increased ventilation, the lung will respond with [hypoxic vasoconstriction/hypocapnic bronchoconstriction].

A

hypocapnic bronchoconstriction

35
Q

What are the factors that influence pulmonary vascular resistance?

A
  • compliance of a vessel
  • sympathetic/parasympathetic tone
  • lung volume
  • hypoxia
  • hypercapnia
  • low pH
36
Q

What is the definition of a shunt?

A

An area that is perfused but not ventilated

37
Q

Pulmonary edema can occur when intravascular hydrostatic pressure is too [high/low] and intravascular oncotic pressure is too [high/low].

A

high hydrostatic pressure, low oncotic pressure

38
Q

Pulmonary edema with alveolar flooding leads to hypoxemia by creating a ___.

A

Shunt

39
Q

What is the difference between cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

A

Pulmonary edema from increased intravascular pressure is cardiogenic; pulmonary edema from increased alveolar-capillary permeability is non-cardiogenic

40
Q

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in atmospheric, tracheal, and alveolar conditions?

A

Atmospheric: PO2 = 160 mmHg, PCO2 = 0 mmHg

Tracheal: PO2 = 150 mmHg, PCO2 = 0 mmHg

Alveolar: PO2 = 104 mmHg, PCO2, = 40 mmHg

41
Q

Using VCO2 and PACO2, what is the equation for alveolar ventilation?

A

VA = 0.863 * (VCO2/PACO2)

Pulmonology (25 decks)

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