1 Organic Chemistry Flashcards
organic compound
is defined as a carbon containing compound that does
not include CO,CO2, and HCN
➢ These compounds are found and obtained from living things
➢ often molecular compounds with low boiling points
➢ ex) Hydrocarbons and fuels such as fats and oils
Inorganic compounds
are compounds obtained from non-living sources
➢ CO, CO2,and HCN are inorganic compounds that contain carbon
alkanes
Saturated Hydrocarbons, non polar, fairly unreactive but combustable
Alkenes
The unsaturated hydrocarbons with double bond
Alkynes
The unsaturated hydrocarbons with triple bond
Aromatic hydrocarbons
classified on presence of a benzene ring, unsaturated hydrocarbon, bonding arrangement makes it chemically stable
Properties of Alkanes
nonpolar molecules, as there is an even arrangement of C-H bonds
throughout the molecule
ΔEN of the C-H bond is quite low and is almost nonpolar as is, while the C-C bonds are truly nonpolar
- intermolecular forces very low, relies more on London Dispersion Forces
- fairly unreactive, but are combustible
alkyl group
one or more carbon atom that forms a branch off the main chain of hydrocarbon
substituent group
an atom or group that replaces a hydrogen atom in an organic compound
Alcohols
organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (R-OH)
Properties of Alcohols
alcohols partially polar.
hydrogen bonding with other hydroxyl groups,
alcohols have greater boiling points
than alkanes, and can also dissolve into water,
alcohols with short carbon chains are more soluble in water than those with longer chains, as
the longer the carbon chain grows the less polar it is
❖ ability to be a solvent for both polar and nonpolar molecules, as the saturated hydrocarbon is nonpolar and the hydroxyl group is polar
hydration reaction
reaction involves an alkene and a water molecule
Dehydration
is the reverse of an addition reaction, where a water
molecule is produced but requires a catalyst to do so
ethers
product of a condensation reaction between two alcohols, Ethers are useful solvents, as they have a very polar C-O bond, and can
also dissolve nonpolar substances due to the alkyl groups
thiols
organic compounds that contain the sulfhydryl functional group
(-SH),
SH works similar to a hydroxil group becuase they have similar configurations
A property of thiols is that of smelly and strong odours (sulfur)
carbonyl group
a functional group in which a carbon is double bonded
to an oxygen atom
Aldehydes
have a carbonyl group that is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom,they have disticnt scent and odour due to carbonyl group, have dipole dipole interactiions but are less polar than alchols (since they cant form hydrogen bonds), are produced from primary alchols
Ketones
have a carbonyl group that is bonded to at least two carbon atoms on
each side of the carbonyl group
formation of aldehydes and ketones
For aldehydes and ketones to be synthesized, an alcohol must go through
controlled oxidation
Hydrogenation reactions
involve the addition of a H2
molecule to another
molecule
esters
formed by the condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
properties of esters
Polarity of esters is similar to that of aldehydes and ketones as esters lack the hydroxyl group
The presence of oxygen atoms does still mean that esters have strong dipole-dipole interactions and therefore larger chains form waxy solids at room temperature but shorter chains are gases at room temperature
Less polar than carboxylic acids
Formation of carboxylic acids
is the result of further controlled oxidation of an aldehyde
Esterification
the condensation reaction in which an ester is formed from an alcohol and carboxylic acid
Reversing Esterification
When esters are treated with an acid or a base, the esterification process can be reversed through hydrolysis
saturated fats
form solids at room temperature as the tails are tightly packed while
unsaturated fats
unsaturated fats are liquids at room temperature
saponification
process of making soap by heating fats or oils with a strong base
Trans fats
re o not able to be completely digested or broken down by the body, and have become a topic of nutritional health
lipid
class of organicc compound that includes fats and oils
fatty acid
long chain carboxylix acid
triglyceride
an ester formed rom long-chain fatty acids and glycerol
Amines
nitrogen based functional groups, with one or more hydrogen
atoms possibly replaced by alkyl groups
properties of amines
strong smell, which is due to the fact that it is a
derivative of ammonia
❖ Amines are very polar, as the N-C and N-H always has an EN difference towards
the nitrogen in the bond
➢ bp and mp increase
functional group
a group of atoms within a molecule that determines the properties of the molecule such as solubility, polarity, melting point, boiling point, and chemical
reactivity.
halogenation
halogen is added to the hydrocarbon and reokaces multibond
Markovnikovʼs Rule
The hydrogen atom will bond with the carbon with the
most hydrogen atoms already bonded to it
properties of aromatic hydrocarbons
state at room temp depends on functional group, symmetrical strucutre makes them non-polar, unless a substituent is electronegative
substitution reaction
characteristic of saturated hydrocarbons,where a hydrogen on a carbon is substituted with a functional
group (in benzene this requires a catalyst or heat as bonds are more stable)
controlled oxidation
the reactant alcohol is not completely oxidized due to oxygen being the limiting reagent or of limited quantity
property of carboxylic acid
high melting points (much higher than alknes), highly polar, smaller chains are very soluable in water, carboxyl group provides strong dipole dipole interaction
esterfication
the condensation reaction in which an ester is formed from an alcohol and carboxylic acid
