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Virology > 1. Nature of Human Viruses > Flashcards

1. Nature of Human Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

viruses are considered _____ agents

A

filterable agents

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2
Q

T/F viruses divide by binary fission

A

False. They infect a susceptible cell and take over the cellular machinery to make the cell into a virus-making factory

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3
Q

T/F antibiotics and antifungals do not work on viruses

A

True

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4
Q

Do most viruses have effective drugs?

A

no. most do not

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5
Q

what is the size of most viruses

A

20-200 nano meters

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6
Q

8% of the human genome is what

A

old retroviruses

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7
Q

what does a virus do to a newly infected cell to initiate the new infection

A

disassembles the newly infected cell

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8
Q

what does a virus use to complete its life cycle

A

the host cell machinery

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9
Q

what is a viruses’ genetic material

A

either DNA or RNA

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10
Q

what are the new virus particles made from and what are those called

A

made from newly made viral proteins in the host cell. These are called virions and they spread the virus to new cells

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11
Q

what are the viral components

A
  • virion
  • capsid
  • nucleocapsid
  • viral envelope
  • viral polymerases
  • viral genetic material
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12
Q

what are the two kinds of viral capsids

A

helical and icosahedral

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of helical capsid

A
  1. can vary in length depending on size of viral RNA
  2. all negative sense RNA viruses have helical capsids
  3. all helical capsids containing human viruses have a lipid envelope - they are all enveloped viruses
  4. most do not have a rigid structure
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14
Q

all negative sense RNA viruses have what kind of capsid

A

helical

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15
Q

all helical capsids are naked or enveloped

A

enveloped

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16
Q

icosahedral capsids can be enveloped or naked

A

can be either enveloped or naked

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17
Q

what are icosahedral capsids formed from

A

viral capsid proteins

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18
Q

what is meant by a naked virus

A

contains no envelope lipid bilayer

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19
Q

what are viral envelopes derived from

A

derived form infected cell membranes

20
Q

what happens if the viral lipid bilayer is disrupted

A

virus cannot enter the cell

21
Q

an enveloped virus is more fragile or more resistant

A

more fragile

22
Q

a naked virus is more fragile or more resistant

A

more resistant

23
Q

how are naked viruses transfered

A

fecal-oral route

24
Q

how are enveloped viruses spread

A
  • respiratory droplets
  • blood
  • sexual contact
  • (cannot be spread fecal/orally)
25
Q

what do neutralizing antibodies do and what do they recognize

A

they prevent virus from infecting a cell and they recognize surface proteins on the virion

26
Q

neutralizing antibodies for naked viruses bind what

A

bind capsid proteins

27
Q

neutralizing antibodies for enveloped viruses bind what

A

enveloped glycoproteins embedded in the lipid bilayer

28
Q

single stranded RNA viruses have the same genome as what and are also called what

A

genome is the same sense as mRNA and are called positive-sense RNA viruses - +ssRNA

29
Q

negative-sense RNA viruses must do what

A

They must use their genomic -ssRNA as a template to make RNA

30
Q

which viruses have a segmented genome

A

BOAR
- bunyavirus
- orthomyxovirus
- arenavirus
- reovirus

31
Q

what are the types of DNA viruses

A
  • linear ssDNA
  • linear dsDNA
  • circular dsDNA
  • circular ds/ssDNA
32
Q

what are the types of RNA viruses

A
  • +ssRNA
  • -ssRNA
  • segmented -ssRNA
  • segmented dsRNA
  • circular -ssRNA
33
Q

what are the 5 types of virus-cell interactions

A
  • steady state
  • lytic-cytocidal
  • latent
  • syncytia forming
  • cell-transforming
34
Q

what happens in the steady state interaction

A
  • virus does not kill cell but does produce virus
  • productive: virus is made and is non-cytocidal
35
Q

what are the two types of lytic-cytocidal interactions

A
  • lytic/cytocidal
  • cytopathic/cytocidal
36
Q

what happens in lytic/cytocidal interaction

A
  1. virus kills cell as part of life cycle: cell death needed to release virus
  2. productive and cytocidal
37
Q

what happens in cytopathic/cytocidal

A
  1. virus kills cell but not part of its normal replication. makes cell sick so it cannot live.
  2. productive and cytocidal
38
Q

what happens in the latent interaction

A
  1. virus infects cells, does not produce virus but can reactivate
  2. non-productive and non-cytocidal
  3. ability to become latent is feature of herpesviruses
39
Q

what happens in the syncytia forming interation

A

infected cell can fuse membranes of neighboring uninfected cells to form a large multinucleated cell

40
Q

what happens in the cell-transforming interaction

A

if virus can transform cell = more likely to cause cancer. transforming a cell makes them immortal and able to grow on top of each other (no contact inhibition like most cells)

41
Q

which viruses cause cancer

A
  • EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus)
  • HPV
  • Human Herpes Virus 8
  • HTLV (Human T cell lymphotrophic virus)
  • HBV
  • HCV
42
Q

what cancer does EBV cause

A

burkitt lymphopha, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oral hairy leukoplakia

43
Q

what cancer does HPV cause

A

cervical, anal and oropharyncx

44
Q

what cancer does Human Herpes Virus 8 cause

A

kaposi’s sarcoma

45
Q

what cancer does HTLV cause

A

adult t-cell leukemia and lymphoma

46
Q

what cancer does HBV cause

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

47
Q

what cancer does HCV cause

A

hepatocellular carinoma

Virology (7 decks)

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