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Virology > 3. Viral Immunology > Flashcards

3. Viral Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first thing that tells the body that a viral infection is coming

A

type I interferon

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2
Q

do innate or adaptive responses occur on initial exposure

A

innate

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3
Q

do innate or adaptive responses occur upon secondary exposure

A

adaptive

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4
Q

what are some examples of physical barriers

A

skin
mucus
stomach acidity

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5
Q

which cells respond second to a virus

A

NK cells
(type I interferon 1st)

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6
Q

what do pattern recognition receptors (PRR) do

A

they recognize patterns on pathogens (pathogen associated molecular pattern PAMP)

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7
Q

what is most important in the type I interferon response

A

activating a large number of proteins that have antiviral properties

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8
Q

how do NK cells stop viral spread

A

kill infected cells
- can recognize cells that have down-regulated their MHCI

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9
Q

which cells are essential in bridging the innate and adaptive responses

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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10
Q

what do plasmacytoid DCs so

A

make large amounts of type I interferon in a viral infection
- they can sense a viral infection without being actively infected
- no active infection means most of the ways the virus has to stop interferon production will not work in plasmacytoid DC

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11
Q

which antibodies are a critical part of the adaptive immune response

A

neutralizing antibodies

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12
Q

viral antigens encountered in the mucosa primarily produce which Ig

A

dimeric IgA
-produced in large quantities in the mucosal surfaces, gut, and upper and lower respiratory tract

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13
Q

viruses that have a viremic stage (virus in the blood) primarily produce which Ig

A

IgG

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14
Q

the second critical adaptive response in viral infection is the activation of which cells

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
- they kill infected cells and are important in keeping chronic viral infections in check

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15
Q

what are the 5 ways viruses can subvert the immune system

A
  1. “hide” - latency
  2. escape neutralization antibodies by antigenic drift
  3. block the type I interferon response
  4. downregulating MHC I which prevents killing by CTLs
  5. killing immune cells - like HIV killing CD4 cells
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16
Q

T/F if you encounter the same strain of the virus, you are generally protected from reinfection

A

True

17
Q

if you encounter the same strain of the virus, you are generally protected from reinfection due to what?

A

long-lived plasma cells and secreted antibodies

18
Q

when encountering the same strain of virus, are the neutralizing antibodies present in your mucosa and blood before re-encountering the virus or are they produced once the virus is re-encountered

A

the neutralizing antibodies are present in your mucosa and blood before re-encountering the virus

19
Q

define cross-protecting when encountering a different strain of the virus

A

the new strain is recognized with good affinity by antibodies from a previous strain, resulting in no infection or sickness

20
Q

define partial cross-protection when encountering a different strain of the virus

A

antibodies bind with lower affinity. as a result, the antibodies cannot prevent some cells from being infect. the infection will generally clear faster, and there might be fewer symptoms because you will get helpful neutralizing antibodies quicker than in a primary infection. This will result in less spread of the virus. also, the memory CTLs from the previous infection might be able to recognize and clear the infected cells, reducing the infection’s severity

21
Q

define no cross-protection when encountering a different strain of the virus z

A

it is like a new infection

22
Q

what are the two things that you need to get an effective vaccine

A
  1. need to induce a protective neutralizing antibody response to the virus
  2. stimulate an immune response
23
Q

what are the three kind of vaccines

A

attenuated virus vaccines
whole killed virus/inactivated virus
subunit vaccine

24
Q

how do attenuated virus vaccines work

A

attenuated viruses replicate just a little
- immune system sees it as a regular viral infection and mounts an immune response (which clears the infection before you get sick)
- theses tend to be excellent vaccines

25
Q

what are the attenuated virus vaccines

A
  1. measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
  2. varicella zoster (chickenpox)
  3. rotavirus
  4. nasal influenza vaccine
  5. yellow fever vaccine
  6. smallpox/Mpox (vaccina - not for general public)
  7. oral polio
  8. military only - adeno type 4 and 7 (live virus)
  9. adenovirus modified vaccines for coronavirus
26
Q

how do whole killed virus/inactivated virus work

A

here the virus does not replicate at all.
- it can start an immune response because it had viral proteins and nucleic acid that trigger it.
- adding an adjuvant will usually result in a better immune response.
- many more virus particles are needed in an inactivated vaccine than in an attenuated vaccine
- booster shots are required for complete immunity

27
Q

what are the whole killed/inactivated virus vaccines

A
  1. inactivated polio vaccine
  2. Hepatitis A vaccine
  3. rabies vaccine
  4. influenza vaccine
28
Q

how does a subunit vaccine work

A

you just have part of a virus - there is no chance of infection
- must use correct proetin to get a neutralizing antibody response

29
Q

what are the subunit vaccines

A
  1. HA only influenza
  2. hepatitis B
  3. human papilloma
  4. new shingles
  5. mRNA vaccines producing one or two viral proteins
30
Q

how do babies get Ig’s

A

IgG transferred to baby in the 3rd trimester and IgA in colostrum and breast milk

31
Q

T/F maternal antibodies can interfere with vaccination

A

True. need to wait until twelve months old for MMR vaccine

32
Q

what is Ro

A

on average, how many people an infected person will infect

33
Q

who does herd immunity protect

A

babies
people allergic to vaccine components
immunocompromised people
people unresponsive to vaccine
people with waning immunity to vaccine

34
Q

what are the post-exposure vaccinations

A
  • rabies vaccine/with rabies immune globulin
  • hepatitis A vaccine
  • hepatitis B vaccine/with hepatitis B immune globulin
  • smallpox

Virology (7 decks)

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