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Biology, 5th Form > 1. Nature And Variety Of Living Organisms > Flashcards

1. Nature And Variety Of Living Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic organisms:

A

. Plants
. Animals
. Fungi
. Protoctists

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2
Q

What are the common features shown by eukaryotic organisms!?

A

. Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a proper NUCLEUS. They all also have other organelles with outer membranes, such as mitochondria

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3
Q

How do plants obtain nutrients!?

A

. Making their own complex biological molecules by PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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4
Q

Do Animals have a nervous system!?

A

. Yes, animals Have a nervous system for co-ordination and movement

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5
Q

Do Fungi reproduce !?

A

. Some have a reproductive structure- mushroom or toadstool

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6
Q

Protoctist cells can have :

A
  • chloroplasts
  • cell wall
  • flagella for movement
    . There is lots of variation !
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7
Q

Examples of fungi:

A

. Yeast - single celled

. Mucor - typical hyphal structure

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8
Q

Examples of protoctists:

A

. Amoeba - feeds on their living organisms

. Chlorella - photosynthetic

. Plasmodium - malaria

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9
Q

Prokaryotic organisms:

A

. Bacteria

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10
Q

Bacterial cells have a:

A

. Cell membrane
. Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
. Cytoplasm

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11
Q

Many bacteria have:

A

. A slime capsule
. Plasmids
. A flagellum

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12
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

. Pathogens are microorganisms which cause infectious disease

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13
Q

All viruses are…

A

. All viruses are pathogens. Bacteria, fungi and Protoctista can be pathogens as well

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14
Q

What are Viruses !?

A

. Viruses are very simple - A STRAND OF GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA OR RNA) surrounded by a PROTEIN COAT

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15
Q

Are viruses alive !?

A

. Viruses are not alive and they are not cells - they don’t respire, or carry out any of the other processes that take place in living organisms (MRS C GREN)

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16
Q

How do viruses reproduce !?

A

. To reproduce, they have to enter a host cell.
- They take over the ribosomes and release enzymes in the cell to make new virus particles. When many new viruses have been made, the cell dies and the viruses are released to infect new cells.

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17
Q

What can viruses infect !?

A

. Viruses can infect all other organisms.

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18
Q

How do decomposes feed !?

A

. DECOMPOSERS (fungi and some bacteria) feed by SAPROTROPHIC NUTRITION.

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19
Q

How does saprotrophic nutrition work !?

A

. Decomposers secrete digestive enzymes outside of their cells onto the dead organism.
The dead organism is broken down into small, soluble molecules which are then absorbed by the decomposer

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20
Q

What is the cell wall of a bacterial cell made of !?

A

. The Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, which maintains shape and protects the cell

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21
Q

What does the Cytoplasm of a bacterial cell contain !?

A

. The Cytoplasm, contains the circular chromosome, where chemical reactions occur

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22
Q

Role of a cell membrane :

A

. Controls what enters and exits the cell

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23
Q

What feature do many bacteria have which enables them to move !?

A

. A flagellum

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24
Q

What feature do many bacteria have which offers more protection!?

A

. A slime capsule, outside the cell wall

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25
Q

What are plasmids !?

A

. Plasmids are small circles of DNA containing extra genes

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26
Q

How do pathogens harm the host cell !?

A

. They harm the host by releasing toxins or damaging cells

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27
Q

Example of a virus that infects plants :

A
  • Tobacco mosaic virus causes brown patches on leaves by stopping chloroplast production
28
Q

Example of a virus that infects humans :

A
  • Viruses such as influenza infects humans which can cause a cough and a temperature.
29
Q

What do plant cells have !?

A

. Cells have:
- chloroplasts
-CELLULOSE CELL WALL

30
Q

How do plants store carbohydrates !?

A

. Store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

31
Q

Are plants single celled or multicellular !?

A

. All multicellular, made of many (specialized) cells

32
Q

Are animals single celled or multicellular !?

A

. All multicellular

33
Q

How do animals obtain nutrients !?

A

. EAT OTHER LIVING THINGS to obtain nutrients

34
Q

How do animal cells store carbohydrates !?

A

. They store carbohydrates as GLYCOGEN

35
Q

Animal cells don’t have…

A

. Don’t have chloroplasts or cell walls

36
Q

Are fungi single celled or multicellular !?

A

. Most are multicellular- consist of threads of cells called hyphae. The whole structure is called a mycelium

37
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrients !?

A

. Feed by SAPROTROPHIC NUTRITION

38
Q

Fungi cells have :

A
  • no chloroplasts
    • CHITIN CELL WALL
    • many nuclei per cell
39
Q

How do fungi store carbohydrates !?

A

. They store carbohydrates as GLYCOGEN

40
Q

Are Protoctists single celled or multicellular !?

A

. Protoctista are all SINGLE CELLED

41
Q

How do Protoctists obtain nutrients !?

A

. Some photosynthesise, others feed on living organisms or organic remains

42
Q

Which Protoctista causes malaria !?

A

. Plasmodium

43
Q

What is a nucleus !?

A

. A membrane sphere containing linear chromosomes of DNA

44
Q

Which protoctist lives in water and has features like an animal cell !?

A

. Amoeba

45
Q

Which protoctist has chloroplasts and is more like a plant !?

A

Chlorella

46
Q

Which pathogenic protoctist causes malaria!?

A

Plasmodium

47
Q

What is a protoctist !?

A

. These are microscopic single-called organisms

48
Q

What are fungi !?

A

These are organisms that are not able to carry out photosynthesis

49
Q

How is a fungi usually organised !?

A

Their body is usually organised into a mycelium made from hyphae; some examples are single called; their cell walls are made of chitin; they feed via saprotrophic nutrition ; may store carbohydrates as glycogen

50
Q

What is mycelium that is found in fungi made from !?

A

Mycelium is made from thread-like structures called hyphae ( which contain many nuclei

51
Q

What is saprotrophic nutrition!?

A

Extracellular excretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products

52
Q

What is an animal !?

A

These are multicellular organisms; their cells do not contain chloroplasts; they have no cell walls; they usually have nervous co-ordination (can move from one place to another); they often store carbohydrate as glycogen

53
Q

Examples of an animal:

A

Mammals (humans)

Insects (mosquitos)

54
Q

What is a plant !?

A

These are multicellular organisms ; their cells contain chloroplasts (photosynthesis); they have cell walls; they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

55
Q

What is a plant cell wall made from !?

A

Cellulose

56
Q

Examples of a plant:

A

Flowering plants (cereal: maize)

Herbaceous legume (peas)

57
Q

What are the common feature shown by prokaryotic organisms !?

A

They don’t have a proper nucleus. Instead the genetic material is in the cytoplasm in the form of a single circular chromosome

58
Q

What is bacteria !?

A

These are microscopic single-celled organisms; they have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids; they lack a nucleus; some carry out photosynthesis most feed off other living and dead organisms

59
Q

What do bacteria have in place of a nucleus !?

A

. A circular chromosome of DNA

60
Q

Examples of bacteria:

A

Lactobacillus bulgaricus, a rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt and milk

Pneumococcus, a spherical bacterium that’s acts as a pathogen causing pneumonia

61
Q

How do pathogens harm the host!?

A

By releasing toxins or damaging cells

62
Q

What is a virus !?

A

These are not living organisms.
They are small particles; they are parasitic and can reproduce only inside living cells; they infect every type of organism; they have variety in shapes and sizes; they have no cellular structure

63
Q

Size comparison: virus vs bacteria

A

Virus is smaller than bacteria

64
Q

What do viruses have instead of a cellular structure !?

A

. They have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA

65
Q

Examples of a virus:

A

Tobacco mosaic virus, causes discolouring of Tobacco plants (no chloroplast formation)

Influenza, causes the “flu”

HIV, causes AIDS

Biology, 5th Form (5 decks)

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