1. Modern, Traditional, Alternative, & Complementary Medicine Flashcards
1
Q
This is a branch of science & a form of practice concerning the examination, evaluation, diagnosis prognosis, intervention, & prevention of diseases & illnesses.
A
MEDICINE
2
Q
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Medicinal herbs were possibly used by Neanderthals
A
49000 years ago (Ancient Times)
3
Q
The treatment of medical conditions by drilling holes in the skull.
A
Trepanning
4
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Earliest possible records of arm amputation and teeth drilling.
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7000 years ago (Ancient Times)
5
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The earliest known female physician Merit-Ptah, is inscribed “Chief Physician.”
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2700 BCE (Ancient Times)
6
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Imhotep, one of the earliest physicians known by name becomes the leading priest-physician.
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2650–2600 BCE (Ancient Times)
7
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Early traditions on Shamanism emerged
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10000 years ago (Ancient Times)
8
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The oldest possible hospital in the world, the Hôtel-Dieu Hospital is founded in Paris, France.
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651 (Ancient Times)
9
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Anatomy and physiology are established partly by Herophilous and Erasistratus’s practice of androtomy.
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260 BCE (Ancient Times)
10
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Soranus of Ephesus writes Gynaecology, one of the first thorough texts focusing on medicine for women.
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130 BCE (Ancient Times)
11
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Hippocrates, regarded as the father of modern medicine, begins training at the training at the local asklepieion.
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440 BCE (Ancient Times)
12
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The Ebers papyrus from Egypt is one of the earliest literatures on medicine.
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1550 BCE (Ancient Times)
13
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The Huangdi Neijing, an ancient Chinese text establishes the framework for Chinese medicine.
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400 BCE (Ancient Times)
14
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Chinese texts describe in detail acupuncture points and treatments.
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100 BCE (Ancient Times)
15
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Several foundational textbooks and literature in medicine were established.
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750-1723 (Revival & Renaissance Period)
16
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Ibn al-Nafis describes the pulmonary circulation of the heart’s right through the lung’s left side.
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1242 (Revival & Renaissance Period)
17
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The compound microscope is invented.
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1590 (Revival & Renaissance Period)
18
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Ambroise Paré tries an old recipe for a wound-healing balm, and begins a new era in battlefield medicine.
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1537 (Revival & Renaissance Period)
19
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Marcello Malpighi, founder of microanatomy, observes capillaries.
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1661 (Revival & Renaissance Period)
20
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The works of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, discoverer of bacteria, are publicized by the Royal Society of Britain
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1661 (Revival & Renaissance Period)
21
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Jacques Daviel pioneers a new technique to remove cataracts.
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1748 (Revival & Renaissance Period)
22
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Giacomo Pylarini describes and practices variolation, a form of smallpox vaccination.
A
1701 (Revival & Renaissance Period)
23
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Humphry Davy discovers that nitrous oxide is an anesthetic and wonders if it might alleviate pain during surgery.
A
1799 (Revival & Renaissance Period)
24
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Percivall Potts describes how scrotal cancer is more common in chimney sweeps, implicating a carcinogen, and a landmark for occupational medicine.
A
1775 (Revival & Renaissance Period)
25
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Johann Christian Reil introduces the term psychiatry, proposing it as a recognized medical specialty.
1808 (Scientific Advancements Period)
26
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René Laënnec invents the first stethoscope.
1816 (Scientific Advancements Period)
27
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Robert Koch shows that a bacterium, now known as Bacillus anthracis, causes anthrax.
1876 (Scientific Advancements Period)
28
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Louis Pasteur proves that if contaminating microbes are kept away from a nutrient liquid, germs do not grow.
1862 (Scientific Advancements Period)
29
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Pasteur makes his first vaccine discovery, for chicken cholera.
1879 (Scientific Advancements Period)
30
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Samuel von Basch invents the first sphygmomanometer.
1881 (Scientific Advancements Period)
31
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Koch identifies Mycobacterium tuberculosis and isolates the causative germ for cholera and describes how it spreads.
1882-1884 (Scientific Advancements Period)
32
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Pasteur carries out the first successful rabies vaccination.
1885 (Scientific Advancements Period)
33
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Kitasato Shibasaburo and Alexandre Yersin independently identify the microbe of bubonic plague.
1894 (Scientific Advancements Period)
34
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Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X-rays.
1895 (Scientific Advancements Period)
35
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John Hall-Edwards uses X-ray for the first time during a
surgery while the first reports of harm caused by X-rays are documented.
1986 (Scientific Advancements Period)
36
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Almroth Edward Wright develops and introduces the first effective typhoid vaccine.
1896 (Scientific Advancements Period)
37
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Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams setting out various psychological theories including a model of mental structure.
1899 (Scientific Advancements Period)
38
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Chemists at Bayer in Germany produced a synthetically modified version of salicylic acid that is better tolerated by the body, Aspirin.
1897 (Scientific Advancements Period)
39
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Alois Alzheimer writes the first account of a form of dementia which will be known as Alzheimer’s disease.
1901 (Era of Specialization)
40
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Karl Landsteiner announces that blood exists in different groups or forms.
1901 (Era of Specialization)
41
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Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine against tuberculosis.
1921 (Era of Specialization)
42
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Hans Berger records the first human electroencephalogram, EEG.
1924 (Era of Specialization)
43
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The first artificial hip is implanted.
1940 (Era of Specialization)
44
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Francis Crick and James Watson announce that the structure of the DNA is a double helix.
1953 (Era of Specialization)
45
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Einthoven constructs the first practical electrocardiograph machine, or ECG.
1903 (Era of Specialization)
46
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Frederick Banting and Charles Best use pancreas extracts containing insulin to treat diabetes.
1921-1922 (Era of Specialization)
47
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Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin.
1928 (Era of Specialization)
48
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Charles Hufnagel implants the first mechanical heart.
1944 (Era of Specialization)
49
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First accounts are published concerning Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.
1961
50
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Christiaan Barnard and his team perform the first human-to-human heart transplant.
1967
51
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A team led by Thomas Starzl performs the first human liver transplant.
1963
52
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Maurice Hilleman and coworkers develop the MMR vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella.
1971
53
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The Human Genome Project gets under way.
1990
54
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James Thomson and John Gearhart isolate and grow human embryonic stem cells.
1998
55
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Dolly the sheep is the first mammal cloned from an adult body cell.
2003
56
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The first full face transplants are carried out in Spain and France.
2010
57
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The Mosquirix vaccine against malaria gains World Health Organization approval for pilot trials.
2016
58
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Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is the most advanced gene-editing technology yet.
2019
59
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Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer invent recombinant DNA (rDNA), beginning the era of “genetic engineering.”
1972
60
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is first diagnosed and the human immunodeficiency virus is discovered in 1983.
1981
61
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The first vaccine is developed for hepatitis A.
1992
62
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The da Vinci Surgical System, a surgeon-assisting robotic system was approved for use in certain procedures.
2000
63
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Human liver tissue is grown from stem cells, raising expectations of “spare part” organs.
2013
64
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The i-LIMB Hand is the first commercially available bionic hand, invented by David Gow and coworkers.
2007
65
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A potential cancer vaccine eliminated tumors in mice and will soon be tested on human patients.
2018
66
This refers to the approach to medicine that employs the scientific method and is founded on scientific facts and principles.
Scientific Medicine
67
It is founded on the principles of deductive reasoning, which is the process of drawing out a logical conclusion based on logical premises.
Scientific Medicine
68
Also called western medicine
Scientific Medicine
69
Scientific Medicine is also called western medicine, because it is rooted in the
European philosophies of ______ & ________.
Reductionism & materialism
70
______ follows the core principle that the simplest solution is most likely the true solution and that a complex system is simply a sum of its parts.
Reductionism
71
_______ views everything that exists as a by-product
| of matter and that the only thing that exists is matter.
Materialism
72
Essential health care based on practical and acceptable methods and is provided by community health workers.
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
73
These refer to more specialized medical services provided by medical specialists in large clinics or hospitals.
SECONDARY HEALTH CARE
74
These are specialized medical care provided by medical professionals using specialized technology.
TERTIARY HEALTH CARE
75
The branch of medicine that helps patients with disabilities of the neuromuscular system.
Physical medicine and
| rehabilitation
76
The branch of science that treats diseases of the heart, blood, kidneys, joints, digestive, respiratory, and vascular systems.
Internal medicine
77
The branch of medicine that uses radioactive materials to diagnose and treat diseases.
Nuclear medicine
78
The branch of medicine that uses operative techniques to investigate or treat conditions,
Surgery
79
The branch of medicine on to preventing diseases by promoting patient health and well-being.
Preventive medicine
80
The branch of medicine devoted to mental health and its associated ramifications.
Psychiatry
81
The branch of medicine that develops comprehensive medical and surgical care of the eyes.
Opthalmology
82
The branch of medicine about the diagnosis and treatment from infancy through adolescence.
Pediatrics
83
The branch of medicine dedicated to pain relief for
| patients before, during, and after surgery.
Anesthesiology
84
The branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the skin, hair, nails, and adjacent mucous membranes.
Dermatology
85
The branch of medicine that focuses on integrated care and treating the patient as a whole.
Family medicine
86
The branch of medicine that
| specializes in nerves and the nervous system.
Neurology
87
The branch of medicine that cares for the female reproductive system and associated disorders.
Obstetrics and gynecology
88
Regulates the medical schools in the Philippines.
Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
89
Accredits the medical schools in the Philippines.
Association of Philippine Medical Colleges (APMC)
90
Regulates and supervises the licensure exam for physicians.
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)
91
Develops, monitors, and regulates medical practice in the Philippines.
Philippine Medical
| Association (PMA)
92
Exercises general supervisory powers over medical practitioners.
Department of Health (DOH)
93
No person shall engage in the practice of medicine in the Philippines unless he is at least ____ years of age, has satisfactorily passed the corresponding Board of Examination and is a holder of a valid Certificate of Registration duly issued to him by the Board of Medical Examiners.
21
94
It is the sum total of the knowledge, skill, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness.
Traditional medicine
95
Also called eastern medicine.
Traditional medicine
96
Traditional medicine is also known as eastern medicine because of its prevalence in the medical practice of ___ countries.
Asian
97
It has roots in the holistic philosophies of Asian culture, which is why it is also known as holistic medicine.
Traditional medicine
98
T or F
1. Eastern medicine uses the principles of DEDUCTIVE reasoning which is the broad generalization of ideas based from specific observations.
F (inductive)
99
The _____ medicine in Japan and the ___ medicine in Korea are greatly influenced by Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Kampo & Hanja
100
It seeks to restore energy and to strike for a balance among different components within the body through the use of a variety of modalities and therapies.
Traditional Chinese Medicine.
101
TCM is deeply influenced by two fundamental principles of the universe: ?
Yin-Yang and Five-Element theories.
102
These medicine systems can be broadly classified into the classical and the traditional systems.
Indian Systems of Medicine
103
Indian Systems of Medicine can be broadly classified into two: ?
The classical and the traditional systems
104
T or F
The classical Indian systems are UNIVERSAL and are neither location nor language specific.
T
105
T or F
The traditional system of Indian medicine is WRITTEN in character, location and community specific, often only practiced by certain ethnic groups, families, or individuals.
F (Oral)
106
A diverse and multifaceted knowledge system, which remains largely transmitted from generation to generation in oral form.
African traditional medicine
107
T or F
The basic concept of disease in African healing is that no one becomes sick without a reason. Conditions are seen as consequences of an IMBALANCE.
T
108
T or F
1. ATM believes that POLLUTANTS originating in the environment can cause infection and contagion and are seen to accumulate in body fluids.
T
109
T or F
1. In the CHINESE context taboos are often related to
sexual conduct, food, and taboos to maintain maternal health.
F (African)
110
T or F
1. MITIGATION can only be achieved by prescribing medicines, specific foods, or beverages thought to restore the lost connection to the ancestral world.
Mitigation
111
Illness can be inflicted by people who have been offended by a victim’s behavior.
Witchcraft
112
As of 2017, there are 66 healing practices or rituals, 509 traditional healers and 43 research sites documented in the ____.
Philippines
113
In the rural areas, by tradition and because of chronic economic constraints, the ___ are the general practitioners, the primary dispensers of health care.
Albularyos
114
A woman mystic who is specializes in the fields of culture, religion, medicine and all kinds of theoretical knowledge about the phenomenon of nature.
Babaylan
115
A practitioner or practice of the craft of chiropractic manipulation and massage for the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal ailments.
Manghihilot
116
They refer to midwives and are more popularly referred to as hilot, a designation confusingly shared with the chiropractic' manghihilot.
Magpapaanak
117
They are specialists that determines the cause of an illness through the ritual of luop. Their ritual paraphernalia consists of the kalanghuga (a kind of freshwater or saltwater shell), salt, benditang palaspas (piece of blessed palm leaves from Palm Sunday), charcoal made from a coconut shell, a coconut midrib and a tin plate.
Mangluluop
118
Tawas is a popular diagnostic ritual performed by most alternative healers that serves in providing clues as to the nature and cause of the illness by utilizing a variety of materials: candles, eggs, mirrors, plain paper, cigarette rolling-paper, and alum.
Mangtatawas
119
Come from diviners or from persons who were previously saved from
illnesses or death and had encountered epiphanies or mystical experiences.
Faith Healers
120
They developed policies, standards and guidelines for the practice of various TM modalities, as well as for clinics and training centers, as well as accredits and certifies traditional medicine practitioners, clinics and training centers.
Philippine Institute of
Traditional and
Alternative Health Care
(PITAHC)
121
Created to implement the Traditional Medicine Program
Traditional Medicine Unit of the DOH
122
Regulates the production, distribution and use of foods, drugs, and other products.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) – Philippines
123
Commenced in December 1997 to improve the quality and delivery of health care services through the development of traditional and alternative health care (TAHC) and its integration into the national health delivery system.
Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA law)
124
Developed by PITAHC in 2017.
Strategic Map 2017–2021 on Traditional and Complementary medicine
125
T or F
1. There is NO health insurance coverage for traditional medicine services.
T
126
This refer to a broad set of health care practices that are not part of that country’s own tradition or conventional medicine and are not fully integrated into the dominant health-care system.
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
127
T or F
1. CAMs should be treated with the SAME caution as conventional medication.
T
128
MIND AND BODY PRACTICES
A practice to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally stable state
Meditation
129
MIND AND BODY PRACTICES
A technique that relies upon placement of needles along specified points.
Acupuncture
130
MIND AND BODY PRACTICES
A healing art concerned with functional disturbances and neurophysiologic effects.
Chiropractic manipulation
131
MIND AND BODY PRACTICES
A martial art that combines movements with energy circulation, breathing, & stretching techniques.
Tai chi
132
MIND AND BODY PRACTICES
It is the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy by licensed psychotherapists.
Hypnotherapy
133
It is the practice and promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices.
Quackery
134
Someone who practices and promotes fraudulent or ignorant medical practices.
Quack
135
T or F
1. In some countries a quack can only be accused of committing medical fraud if they are UNAWARE and accepting that the services, they offer are fraudulent or ignorant, and that they are deliberately misrepresenting medicine and spreading misinformation.
F (aware)
136
T or F
1. A CAM may be classified as quackery if it DOES NOT recommend against conventional therapies that are helpful, promotes potentially harmful therapies without adequate warning, harms patients financially, and if it promotes REALISTIC thinking.
F (does; magical)
