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Linux > 1 - Linux Fundamentals > Flashcards

1 - Linux Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Which shell was the first shell to appear on UNIX systems?

A

The Bourne shell was the first to appear.

Thus, it is referred to as “the shell”.

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2
Q

What is a “shell”?

A

A program that provides the user a command-line interface (CLI) to the kernel.

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3
Q

Name 3 types of Bourne Shells.

hint: can include the original

A
  1. Bourne shell - (sh)
  2. Korn shell (ksh)
  3. Bourne Again shell (bash)
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4
Q

Who is the Bourne shell named after?

A

Stephen R. Bourne, the original author.

Note: the original shell was written in the mid 1970’s while Stephen was at AT&T Bell Labs

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5
Q

______ is a command shell for Unix-like systems that was originally created as part of the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) in 1978.

A

C Shell - (csh)

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6
Q

Name 2 features C Shell incorporated for interactive use.

A
  1. Aliases
  2. Command history
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7
Q

When was C Shell originally created?

A

In 1978 as part of the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)

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8
Q

Name the shell described.

“_____ has arrow keys that are automatically mapped for command recall and editing.”

A

bash

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9
Q

Name the shell described.

“Has interactive features comparable to those in the C shell and includes convenient programming features like built-in arithmetic and C-like arrays, functions, and string-manipulation facilities.”

A

korn shell (ksh)

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10
Q

Name the 3 types of shell.

Hint: describes their functions

A
  1. Login Shell
  2. Interactive Shell
  3. Non-interactive Shell
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11
Q

What 2 scripts are necessarily non-interactive?

A
  1. Init
  2. startup scripts
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12
Q

What does it mean to be “non-interactive”?

A

that the shell must run without human intervention

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13
Q

Name the term defined.

“This is the software that acts as the brain in Linux. It controls the hardware, which is then able to interact with applications.”

A

the Kernel

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14
Q

A __________ is any active (running instance of a program.

A

Process

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15
Q

Name the term defined.

“______ is a program that boots the operation system.”

A

Boot loader

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16
Q

GRUB and ISOLINUX are 2 examples of what?

A

Boot loaders

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17
Q

Name the term defined.

“A _______ is a method for storing and organizing files in Linux.”

A

file system

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18
Q

A Linux or UNIX program that runs in the background.

A

Daemon

19
Q

What is the interface for typing commands on top of O.S called?

A

the Command Line Interface (CLI)

20
Q

What is a “systemcall”?

A

the fundamental interface between an application and the Linux kernel (OS).

21
Q

What is “man page” short for?

A

Manual page

22
Q

How is the man command utilized?

(Hint: what is it for?)

A

It is a built-in manual for using Linux commands, and allows users to view the reference manuals of a command or utility run in the terminal.

23
Q

Name at least 4 items that the man page includes.

A
  1. Command description
  2. Applicable options
  3. Flags
  4. Examples
  5. other informative sections
24
Q

What other command is the same as:

man -f

A

whatis

25
Q

What command takes the manual page in its current format and outputs it to a .dvi file?

A

man -l

26
Q

The Manual pages are divided into 8 primary sections and 1 _________ section.

A

non-standard

27
Q

What causes a program executing in User mode to switch to Kernel mode?

A

requesting a service provided by the kernel

28
Q

Name 3 useful services the Kernel cannot provide to User processes.

A
  1. filesystems
  2. network communication
  3. process management
29
Q

__________ mode is the privileged mode where the process has unrestricted access to system resources like hardware, memory, etc.

A

Kernel

30
Q

The kernel itself is not a process but a process manager.

[TRUE / FALSE}

A

TRUE

31
Q

Name one assumption of the process/Kernel model.

A

that processes requiring a kernel service use system calls

32
Q

A system call is a specific ______.

A

programming construct

33
Q

How does a system call function?

Hint: 3 steps

A
  1. System call sets up the parameters to identify the process request
  2. System call then executes the hardware-dependent CPU instructions to switch from User to Kernel mode
  3. Switch to Kernel mode occurs
34
Q

_______ lets the OS know how to access and use information from that device.

A

device drivers

35
Q

How do device drivers simplify programming?

A

By acting as a translator between a device and the applications or operating systems that use it.

36
Q

Which Ring level is associated with Least Privilege?

A

Ring 3

37
Q

At what ring does the Kernel reside?

A

Ring 0

38
Q

Name the two categories of device drivers.

A
  1. Kernel-Mode Device Driver
  2. User-Mode Device Driver
39
Q

This category of device driver includes generic hardware that loads the BIOS, motherboard and processor.

A

Kernel-Mode Device Driver

40
Q

This category of device driver includes a USB driver that handles the different devices connected through a USB port.

A

User-Mode Device Driver

41
Q

This category of device driver includes the minimum system requirement device drivers for each OS.

A

Kernel-Mode Device Driver

42
Q

What action can a User take if the driver runs into a problem?

A

Kill the task

43
Q

Name 4 common Linux device drivers.

A
  1. Character
  2. Block
  3. Network
  4. USB Drivers

Linux (16 decks)

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