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Biology > 1)Lifestyles, Health and Risk > Flashcards

1)Lifestyles, Health and Risk Flashcards

1
Q

why do large organisms need a transport system and can’t only use diffusion?

A

1)the diffusion distances are too great
2)they have high energy requirements, so the delivery of reactants for metabolism needs to happen quickly

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2
Q

why is water a polar molecule?

A

it has one end which is negatively charged (oxygen) and one end that is positively charged (hydrogen)

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3
Q

what are the 2 properties of water?

A

1)cohesion and adhesion
2) good solvent

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4
Q

what is the role of the septum?

A

to ensure blood doesn’t mix between the left and right sides of the heart

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5
Q

where is the tricuspid valve?

A

on the right hand side of the heart. tri = right

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6
Q

where is the bicuspid/mitral valve?

A

on the left hand side of the heart

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7
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves?

A

tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)

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8
Q

what are semilunar valves?

A

aortic and pulmonary

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9
Q

what prevents valves flipping inside out when under high pressure?

A

they are attached to valve tendons and cords

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10
Q

why does the RV have a less thicker muscle than the LV?

A

the LV has stronger contractions as it pumps blood all around the body whereas the RV only pumps blood to the lungs which is nearby

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11
Q

what are the role of venules?

A

transport blood from capillaries to veins

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12
Q

what are the three layers the artery wall consists of?

A

1) endothelium (tunica intima)
2)smooth muscle and elastic tissue (tunica media)
3) outer wall containing collagen (tunica externa)

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13
Q

do arteries have a wide or narrow lumen and why?

A

Arteries have a narrow lumen which helps to maintain a high blood pressure

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14
Q

describe the endothelium

A

it is one cell thick, lines the lumen of all blood vessels. Very smooth and reduces friction for free blood flow. In arteries it is highly folded, so it can expand under high pressure

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15
Q

describe the tunica media

A

the layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue is thick in the arteries . The layer of muscle strengthens the arteries so they can withstand high pressure. Also allows to contract and constrict blood flow by narrowing the lumen. The elastic tissue helps to maintain blood pressure., by stretching and recoiling to even out any fluctuations in pressure.

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16
Q

describe the tunica externa

A

contains structural protein collagen. protects blood vessels from damage by overstretching

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17
Q

why is the bp in veins low?

A

receive blood from capillary networks

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18
Q

why do veins have less smooth muscle and elastic layers?

A

no need for thick muscular layers as they don’t need to withstand high pressure

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19
Q

what are the benefits of veins having a wider lumen?

A

1)ensure blood returns to arteries at an adequate speed
2)reduces friction between endothelium of vein and blood

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20
Q

how does the volume and the rate of blood flow compare in the veins to the arteries?

A

the rate of blood flow is slower in the veins but a larger lumen means the volume of blood delivered per unit of time is equal to that of the arteries

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21
Q

how many cells thick is the capillary wall and how does this help to carry out it’s function?

A

one cell thick reduces the diffusion distance for oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the tissues of the body

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22
Q

how do white blood cells get to the affected tissues from the capillaries?

A

The cells of the wall have gaps called pores, this allows blood plasma to leak out to form tissue fluid

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23
Q

Do capillaries have cell walls?

A

NO, they are one cell thick

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24
Q

describe atrial systole

A
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25
Q

describe ventricular systole

A
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26
Q

describe diastole

A
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27
Q

label and describe this graph

A

1)pressure in ventricles rises above pressure in atria so AV valves close
2)pressure in ventricles higher than aorta so semilunar valves open
3)pressure in aorta higher than pressure in ventricles so semilunar valves close
4)pressure in atria higher than pressure in ventricles so AV valves open

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28
Q

describe the method for investigating the heart rate of Daphnia

A
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29
Q

why is using Daphnia better than other organisms?

A

they have a less sophisticated nervous system and may not feel pain the same way

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30
Q

what are the ethical considerations with using Daphnia?

A

They cannot give consent to be studied. They cannot express pain.

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31
Q

how does an atheroma form?

A
32
Q

how does the atheroma raise blood pressure?

A

it narrows the lumen of the artery, reducing and restricting blood flow and thereby raising blood pressure

33
Q

why is blood clotting (thrombosis) important?

A

prevents excess blood loss, entry of pathogens, provides a barrier under which wound healing can occur

34
Q

describe the clotting cascade

A
35
Q

what happens if a blood clot dislodges and travels elsewhere?

A

it can travel to different blood vessels in the body such as the brain (stroke), or coronary arteries (heart attack) or in the legs (Dvt)

36
Q

how does a myocardial infarction happen?

A
37
Q

what are lifestyle risk factors associated with CVD?

A
38
Q

what are non-lifestyle factors associated with CVD?

A
39
Q

define risk

A

the chance or probability that a harmful event will occur

40
Q

why can risk be overestimated?

A
41
Q

why can risk be underestimated?

A
42
Q

what are the 4 treatments for CVD?

A

1)antihypertensives
2)Statins
3)Anticoagulants
4)Platelet Inhibitors

43
Q

how do antihypertensives work?

A

by lowering blood pressure which reduces the risk of arterial endothelial damage and therefore reduces the risk of atheromas and thrombosis

44
Q

how do statins work?

A

They lower blood cholesterol by blocking an enzyme in the liver which is needed to make cholesterol. This lowers the LDL concentration in the blood therefore reducing the risk of atheroma formation

45
Q

how do anticoagulants work?

A

reduced formation of blood clots decreases the likelihood of thrombosis and therefore reduce the risk of blood vessels being blocked by blood clots

46
Q

how do platelet inhibitors work?

A

a type of anticoagulants which reduce blood clotting, and they prevent the clumping together of platelets, so prevent the formation of blood clots e.g. aspirin

47
Q

what are the risks of taking antihypertensives?

A
48
Q

what are the risks of taking statins?

A

muscle and joint pain, liver damage, neurological issues

49
Q

what are the risks of taking anticoagulants?

A

fainting, osteoporosis, swelling of tissues, can cause excessive bleeding if injury occurs e.g including internal injury

50
Q

what are the risks of taking platelet inhibitors?

A

rashes, liver dysfunction, stomach lining damage, excessive bleeding if injury occurs

51
Q

draw alpha glucose

A

Remember Alpha has the H Above

52
Q

draw beta glucose

A

remember Beta glucose has the H Below

53
Q

how does the structure of glucose make it a good energy storage molecule for animals and plants?

A

1)it is soluble
2)it has many covalent bonds which store energy

54
Q

what kind of reaction is it when two glucose molecules react? what are the products? what is the name of the bond formed?

A

condensation reaction
maltose (disaccharide) and water
glycosidic bond

55
Q

glucose + fructose make?

A

sucrose

56
Q

glucose + galactose make?

A

lactose

57
Q

how is the glycosidic bond formed?

A

when water is added (hydrolysis reaction)

58
Q

what does maltose look like?

A
59
Q

why are starch and glycogen good storage molecules?

A

1)compact; large quantities can be stored
2)insoluble: they will have no osmotic effect unlike glucose which can dissolve and raise the solute concentration of cell cytoplasm, causing water to move into cells by osmosis

60
Q

what is starch made of ?

A

2 different polysaccharides
1)amylose- unbranched helix shaped (more compact) chain with 1,4 glycosidic bonds between alpha glucose molecules
2)amylopectin - branched molecule with 1,4 glycosidic bonds between alpha glucose and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

61
Q

why is amylopectin a good molecule for releasing energy quickly?

A

the branches result in many terminal glucose molecules that can be easily hydrolysed for use during cellular respiration or added to for storage

62
Q

describe glycogen

A

1)storage molecule in animals and fungi
2)highly branched and not coiled
3)contains both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
4)more branched than amylopectin
5)

63
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

a polymer formed by many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction

64
Q

what advantage does glucose being branched have?

A

the branching provides more terminal glucose molecules which can be added to or removed by hydrolysis; this allows the quick storage or release of glucose to suit the demands of the cell

65
Q

what kind of molecules are lipids?

A

non-polar, hydrophobic molecules

66
Q

what are the monomers for triglycerides?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

67
Q

what is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated triglycerides?

A

polyunsaturated molecules have more than 1 double bond

68
Q

what is the name of the reaction that forms triglycerides and what bond is formed?

A

esterification and ester bond

69
Q

draw the condensation reaction to form a triglyceride

A
70
Q

what are HDLs?

A

They contain unsaturated fat, cholesterol and protein. They transport cholesterol from body tissues to the liver to be recycled or excreted. They reduced blood cholesterol levels when they are too high, as well as removing cholesterol from fatty plaques.

71
Q

what are LDLs?

A

They contain saturated fat, cholesterol, and protein. Move cholesterol from liver into blood stream until required by cells. They increase blood cholesterol levels when it is too low.

72
Q

How do LDLs cause blood cholesterol to rise?

A

LDLs bind to receptors on cell surface membranes, enabling them to be uptaken by the cells that need them thus removing cholesterol from the blood. However, high levels of LDLs can lead to blockage of these receptors, causing blood cholesterol to rise.

73
Q

what is the healthy waist to hip ratio for women?

A

less than 0.86

74
Q

what is the healthy waist to hip ratio for men?

A

less than 1

75
Q

what is the formula for BMI?

A

kg/m^2

76
Q

describe the method for the vitamin c core practical

A

Biology (4 decks)

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