1: Lifestyle, Health + Risk (2)

Question 1

Alpha Glucose

Answer 1

OH group below the ring on 4th carbon

Question 2

Beta Glucose

Answer 2

OH group above the ring on the 4th carbon

Question 3

Why are monosaccharides soluble in water

Answer 3

They have a high number of hydroxyl groups that form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

Question 3

What are monosaccharides

Answer 3

They are single sugars- fructose, galactose, glucose

Question 4

Saccharides are…?

Answer 4

hexose and pentose sugars such as ribose

Question 5

Disaccharides are..?

Answer 5

two sugar molecules that are also soluble, i.e. sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 6

Silly Green frogs

Answer 6

Sucrose = glucose + fructose

Question 7

Love Gaming Greatly

Answer 7

Lactose = galactose + glucose

Question 8

My Great Grandma

Answer 8

Maltose = glucose + glucose

Question 9

How are polysaccharides made?

Answer 9

Joining two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction to form a disaccharide, and water and a glycosidic bond between the two molecules

Question 10

How are polysaccharides broken?

Answer 10

adding water via a hydrolysis reaction which releases energy

Question 11

Polysaccharides are what…?

Answer 11

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, heparin and peptidoglycan

Question 12

Starch is what…?

Answer 12

polysaccharide that is a storage molecule of glucose, found in the amylose of plants. Made of amylose and amylopectin

Question 13

Amylose

Answer 13

single strand alpha glucose chain, 1,4 glycosidic bonds which forms a long coiled chain of glucose molecules.

Question 14

Amylopectin

Answer 14

branched alpha glucose molecule made of 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds resulting in heavily branched molecules.

Question 15

Why is starch good for storage

Answer 15

amylopectin= heavily branched molecule = hydrolyses faster/ you can access glucose molecules more easily (more points of attack)

Question 16

glycogen

Answer 16

stored form of glucose made up of many branched glucose molecules (1,4 and 1,6) glycosidic bonds. Found in the liver and muscle cells.

Question 17

Why are starch + glycogen good storage molecules?

Answer 17

Insoluble because it has so many glycosidic bonds so the water molecules cannot surround the starch molecule properly.
Insoluble storage molecules starch and glycogen are good because they have no osmotic effect.

Question 18

Why is glycogen a good storage molecule?

Answer 18

it can hydrolysed broken down quickly when energy is needed for the body

Question 19

Be able to relate the structures of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides to their roles in providing and storing energy

Answer 19

Bonds in disaccharides contain more energy than the bonds in monosaccharides, releasing more energy when broken down in respiration via hydrolysis reactions.
Branched molecules i.e. amylopectin, glycogen release more energy: more soluble, also more points of attack for hydrolysis reactions due to branched nature/ more access to glucose molecules, quicker supply of energy.

Question 20

How is a triglyceride synthesised?

Answer 20

formation of ester bonds during condensation reactions between glycerol and three fatty acids
Glycerol - C3H8O3

Question 21

What are lipids?

Answer 21

solid fats, liquid fats/ oils.

Question 22

Fatty acid structure

Answer 22

long carbohydrate chain. Has carboxylic acid on the end until joined with glycerol to form triglyceride with ester bond

Question 23

Unsaturated lipids

Answer 23

double bond found in fatty acid, causes kink/ change in fatty acid structure. E.g. Margarine - easier to spread

Question 24

Saturated lipids

Answer 24

Saturated lipids - straight chain, single bond hydrocarbons found. E.g. butter, harder to spread

Question 25

____________ increases risk of CVD

Answer 25

Saturated lipids

Question 26

Cholesterol

Answer 26

a type of lipid - uses: phospholipid bilayer, sex hormones, vitamin D production, cell wall repairs

Question 27

High density lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer 27

• carry cholesterol
• high density lipoprotein, decreases blood cholesterol, good, decreases risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 28

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs)

Answer 28

• carries cholesterol
  increase blood cholesterol, bad, increases risk of Cardiovascular disease.

Question 29

A higher LDL concentration leads to what…

Answer 29

LDLs carry more cholesterol to the arteries so more cholesterol accumulates in the artery wall.
more accumulated in the artery wall to form a plaque - risk of atheroma/ atherosclerosis

Question 30

So what is the causal relationship between blood cholesterol levels and cardiovascular disease?

Answer 30

LDLs carry more cholesterol to the arteries so more cholesterol accumulates in the artery wall.
more accumulated in the artery wall to form a plaque - risk of atheroma/ atherosclerosis
atheroma increases risk of blood clotting