1: Learning & Memory Flashcards
Was Aristotle’s approach data-oriented or innately-oriented?
data oriented
Which notion of learning did Aristotle come up with?
Associationism
What is the core idea behind associationism?
That memory depends on the formation of links/associations between pairs of events, sensations, and ideas
What are the 3 core principles of associationism that help thing to be remembered together?
- contiguous (next in sequence)
- frequent presentation together
- similar in their meaning
Did Ebbinghaus study words or non-words in relation to learning?
non-words
Did Gestalt emphasise the format of the information or the role of the learner?
Role of the learner (active)
Which psychologists emphasised the role of internal representations?
Bartlett & Gestalt
What are the core concepts of the information-processing approach?
Memory and learning is explained through information being encoded, stored and retrieved. It is based off a computer analogy
What is dense amnesia & which case study is an example of it?
Forgetting stuff so frequently that it becomes difficult to hold memories for any considerable time at all. The case study is Clive Wearing .
What are the 3 parts of the sensory memory in the modal model of memory?
visual, auditory & haptic (touch)
What mechanism moved information from the sensory memory to the STM/Working Memory in the Modal Model of memory?
attention
What are the 4 control processes in the STM/Working Memory?
Rehearsal, coding, decision and retrieval strategies
How does retrieval manifest for non-declarative/implicit memory?
performance (eg muscle memory)
How does retrieval manifest for declarative/ explicit memory?
intentional and is used for personal life recollection or facts
what is the total time hypothesis?
The amount learned is a function of the time spent learning
How is time spent during initial study related to the time required for relearning?
Learning is linearly related to the amount of study. (a greater amount of repetitions of the list on day 1 meant less repetitions needed to relearn the list later)
What part of the brain was affected during the Maguire (2000) taxi driver experiment?
posterior hippocampus
What part of the brain was affected during the Draganski (2006) taxi driver experiment?
parietal cortex and the posterior hippocampus
Do structural changes stay once learning has occurred?
the brain normalise the volume in the regions enhanced by practice. Some structural changes may be selected and others dropped
What is the lag effect?
Lag effect = benefit of repeated study increases as the lag between study occasions increases
do participant generally favour massed learning or spaced presentation for learning?
massed learning (even though spaced presentation is more effective)
What is the testing effect?
Having to retrieve the answer, rather than being presented with, leads to greater retention.
which study practise displayed the greatest recall between repeats, conceptive maps and testing?
testing
in what automatic ways does motivation help with learning?
External (e.g., reward) or internal (e.g., curiosity) motives prior to exposure to stimuli improves memory
in what strategic way does motivation help with learning?
People use deeper and more elaborate memorization strategies for high value items
what part of the brain has been shown have a change in network to be associated with learning?
hippocampus
what is Hebbian learning?
Learning involves strengthening the connections of co-active neurons
what evidence do we have for hebbian learning?
stimulating axonal pathways led to lasting increases in the electrical potentials generated in post-synaptic neurons = long-term potentiation
what is long term potentiation?
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synaptic connections induced by a brief period of high-frequency presynaptic activity
