1- Introduction to the nervous system - week 1

Question 1

What are the three functions of the nervous system ?

Answer 1

• SENSORY INPUT:
  sensory receptors from skin and organs respond to internal and external stimuli by generating nerve impulses to the CNS.
• INTEGRATION:
  The brain and spinal cord of the Central Nervous System combine and sum up all the data received from the body and send out nerve impulses.
• MOTOR OUTPUT:
  The nerve impulses from the Central Nervous System go to the effectors (muscles and glands). Muscle contractions and gland secretions are responses to stimuli received by sensory receptors.

Question 2

What are the two types of cell classes that makes the nervous system ?

Answer 2

• Nerve cells (neurons) which are the main signalling units of the nervous system.
• Glial cells (neuroglia) forming support cells (astrocyte, oligodendrocyte- myelin in cns, schwann cells- myelin in pns, microglia.

Question 3

What are the two types of cell classes that makes the nervous system ?

Answer 3

• Nerve cells (neurons) which are the main signalling units of the nervous system.
• Glial cells (neuroglia) forming support cells (astrocyte, oligodendrocyte- myelin in cns, schwann cells- myelin in pns, microglia.

Question 4

What dose the central nervous system (CNS) consist of ?

Answer 4

Brain ( encephalon ) and the spinal cord.

Question 5

Where is the CNS embedded in ?

Answer 5

A special kind of connective tissue called neuroglia ( GLIA ).

Question 6

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ?

Answer 6

Extending from the CNS are 12 pairs of CRANIAL nerves and 31 pairs of SPINAL nerves which together with their branches modulate somatosensory (touch, pain, heat), special sensory (vision, hearing, smell, taste)and motor functions.

Question 7

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ?

Answer 7

Extending from the CNS are 12 pairs of CRANIAL nerves and 31 pairs of SPINAL nerves which together with their branches modulate somatosensory (touch, pain, heat), special sensory (vision, hearing, smell, taste)and motor functions.

Question 8

What makes the peripheral part of the autonomic nervous system ( ANS ) ?

Answer 8

The entire complex of VISCERAL or SPLANCHNIC nerves connected to the CNS

Question 9

What is a dermatome ?

Answer 9

Its a skin area innervated by a single spinal nerve.

Question 10

What is the function of the somatic nervous system ( SNS ) ?

Answer 10

It provides conscious and sub-conscious control over skeletal muscles.

Question 11

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system ?

Answer 11

It controls the visceral functions largely outside our awareness.

Question 12

What are meninges ( meninx ) ?

Answer 12

They are membranes that covers the CNS.

Question 13

What are the layers if the meninges ( meninx ) ?

Answer 13

• DURA MATER (outermost layer)
  -ARACHNOID MATER
• Subarachnoid Space (filled with CSF)
  -PIA MATER (innermost layer)

Question 14

What are the three parts of the encephalon ( brain ) ?

Answer 14

• PROSENCEPHALON (forebrain)
• MESENCEPHALON (midbrain)
• RHOMBENCEPHALON (hindbrain)

Question 15

What is the prosencephalon ?

Answer 15

It is the cerebral hemispheres diencephalon.

Question 16

What are the parts of the diencephalon of the prosencephalon ?

Answer 16

• THALAMUS
• METATHALAMUS
• HYPOTHALAMUS
• EPITHALAMUS
• SUBTHALAMUS

Question 17

What are the the functions of the diencephalon of the prosencephalon ?

Answer 17

• Directing Sense Impulses Throughout the Body.
• Autonomic Function Control.
• Endocrine Function Control.
• Motor Function Control Homeostasis.
• Hearing, Vision, Smell, and Taste Touch Perception.

Question 18

What is the mesencephalon of the prosencephalon ?

Answer 18

A short stem which serves the function of being a path between the forebrain and the hindbrain.

Question 19

What are the three parts of the rhododendron of the prosencephalon ?

Answer 19

• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Cerebellu

Question 20

What does the medulla oblongata and the pons do ?

Answer 20

they’re the points of origination for eight of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

Question 21

What are the is the function of the cerebellum ?

Answer 21

It coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

Question 22

What are the parts of the brain stem ?

Answer 22

• MIDBRAIN
• PONS
• MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Question 23

What is the function of the brain stem ?

Answer 23

It forms the connection between the brain and the spinal cord, it also maintains vital control of the heart and lungs, and coordinates many important reflexes.

Question 24

Where is the cerebral hemisphere ( cerebrum ) ?

Answer 24

• The cerebrum is the most cranial part of the brain.
• It lies in the anterior and middle cranial fossa and is related to the concavity of the skull.
• The two hemispheres are partially separated from each other by the longitudinal cerebral fissure.