1. Introduction to Scientific Research Flashcards
authority
(method of acquiring knowledge)
a basis for accepting knowledge based on the credibility of the person providing it
Intuition
(methods of acquiring knowledge)
not based on a reasoning process
rationalism
(method of acquiring knowledge)
the acquisition of knowledge through reasoning
empiricism
(methods of acquiring knowledge)
the acquisition of knowledge through experience
induction
a reasoning process that involves going from the specific to the general (ie. observing the detail, noticing patterns and making generalizations). For example, if I see multiple children kicking and screaming, I might infer that all children kick and scream.
deduction
a reasoning process that involves going from the general to the specific (ie. consider a process of logical deduction)
hypothesis testing
the process of testing a predicted relationship or hypothesis by making observations and then comparing the observed facts with the hypothesis or predicted relationship
logical positivism
a philosophical approach that focused on verifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science
falsificationism
A deductive approach to science that focuses on falsifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science
Duhem-Quine principle
states that a hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation from other assumptions.
naturalism
position popular in behavioral science should justify its practices according to how well they work rather than according to philosophical arguments
empirical adequacy
present when theories and hypotheses closely fit empirical evidence.
normal science
the period in which scientific activity is governed and directed by a single paradigm
paradigm
a framework of thought or beliefs by which reality is interpreted
revolutionary science
a period in which scientific activity is characterized by the replacement of one paradigm with another (kuhn)
