1 Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 1

What is the Brodmann area for Primary motor cortex?

Answer 1

Area 4

Question 2

What is the Brodmann area for Primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 2

Areas 1, 2, 3

Question 3

What is the Brodmann area for Wernicke’s Area?

Answer 3

Areas 22

Question 4

What is the Brodmann area for Primary Broca’s Area?

Answer 4

Areas 44, 45

Question 5

Where is the primary visual cortical area?

Answer 5

cuneus of the occipital lobe

Question 6

where is the primary auditory area?

Answer 6

superior temporal gyrus

Question 7

where is the primary somatosensory area?

Answer 7

post- central gyrus

Question 8

where is the primary motor area?

Answer 8

pre- central gyrus

Question 9

In the visual system the various features of the visual information – like colour, luminance, form, motion, binocular information - are processed and analysed in various compartments parallel with each other, from the retina through the lateral geniculate to the visual cortex. In higher visual cortical areas the information analysis is further specialised alongside the dorsal and ventral processing streams: the “where” information is analysed in the _______________ whereas the “what” information is analysed in the _____________________ pathway, before a unified visual percept is arising as a concerted action in the widely distributed visual network.

Answer 9

dorsal (occipito-parietal) pathway;

ventral (occipito-temporal)

Question 10

The auditory information is processed from the inner ear auditory apparatus through the ______________ s to the primary and higher level auditory cortical areas.

Answer 10

medial geniculate nucleu

Question 11

In ____________ due to uncommon anatomical connections between various cortical sensory areas there is a “mixing of the senses” and the subjects may experience perception in other sensory modality domains than the one of the stimulation.

Visual-auditory synesthetes see colours when they hear certain pitches; taste-word synesthetes feel certain tastes when hear certain words, and so on (grapheme-colour, auditory-tactile, etc).

Answer 11

synesthesia

Question 12

If the external object is accurately perceived but not recognised, it is _____________

Answer 12

associative agnosia.

Question 13

If the external object is not perceived properly and for this reason it is not recognised, it is ___________

Answer 13

apperceptive agnosia.

Question 14

What are lesions to the frontal association cortex associated with?

Answer 14

• cognitive: behavioural changes
• language: aphasias
• personality changes
• emotional changes
• movement execution changes

Question 15

What are lesions to the parietal association cortex associated with?

Answer 15

COntralateral neglect syndrome, Balint syndrome, Gerstmann syndrome, sensory deficits, apraxia

Question 16

What are lesions to temporal association cortex associated with?

Answer 16

visual agnosias (apperceptive, associative etc);

Auditory agnosia, word agnosia, word deafness

reactive aphasia

dyslexia

Question 17

What are the functions of the frontal cortex?

Answer 17

These functions are involving action initiation and planning, preparation for movement and movement execution, attention, working memory, emotional regulation, effort regulation, self monitoring.

Question 18

Brain development, including brain maturation and ageing, is a life-long process. The development and maturation of nervous tissue is not finalised in intrauterine life but continues after birth. Grey matter generation, synaptic density changes (primarily via pruning) - synaptic plasticity, myelination are continuing until_______________ . Learning, practice and skill learning can contribute to structural changes in the cortex: for instance, professional instrument players (pianists, violinists) can have thicker cortex in the planum parietale. After late adolescence the volume of the brain is gradually diminishing, primarily at the expense of the _____________.

Answer 18

late adolescence;

grey matter

Question 19

Global reasoning capacity, Ability to learn new things, Abstract reasoning, Problem solving, Mental quickness is referred to as ____________ intelligence

Answer 19

fluid

Question 20

learning from experience, it is fact and experience, culture and education based, it increases with learning and age. is referred to ____________ intelligence

Answer 20

crystallised

Question 21

What are the key anatomical elements for sleep + circadian rhythm?

Answer 21

retina, hypothalamus, pineal gland, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), paraventricular nucleus

Question 22

what is the key biochemical component for sleep?

Answer 22

melatonin

Question 23

What parts of the brain are inactivated during REM sleep?

Answer 23

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex

Question 24

What parts of the brain are activated during REM sleep?

Answer 24

anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, parahipoccampal gyrus

Question 25

what are the symptoms of insomnia?

Answer 25

Inability to sleep

Question 26

what are the symptoms of narcolepsy?

Answer 26

Sleep attacks during the day

Question 27

What are the symptoms of sleep apnea?

Answer 27

Interrupted breathing during sleep

Question 28

what are the symptoms of somnambulism?

Answer 28

Sleepwalking

Question 29

what are the symptoms of restless leg

Answer 29

Unpleasant crawling, tingling, prickling

Question 30

With the help of modern neuroimaging technologies a wide network activity in the human brain has been revealed. The internal operations in the brain are practically ceaseless, even during sleep. If the brain is not engaged with a task, information processing is still going on via a network called the _____________ is active or DMN. When a salient stimulus is reaching the senses, a ____________ is activated, alarming the relevant brain regions. During various sensory or motor actions a _______________ network is activated. Due to the fact that the brain’s global cerebral blood flow cannot change because of anatomical-physiological limitations, the brain should rely on a constant 50 ml/100g/min blood flow. For this reason, neuronal populations the activity of which is not needed during a neuronal operation will receive less regional blood flow and those populations which are active will receive more. This results in a constant redistribution of blood in the brain between active and non-active neuronal populations. This is the basis of functional imaging techniques like CBF-PET, fNIRS, fMRI.

Answer 30

default mode network; salient network; central executive;

Question 31

Aphasia - fluency: fluent - comprehension: mild - repetition: mild - naming: moderate- severe

Answer 31

anomic aphasia

Question 32

Aphasia - fluency: fluent - comprehension: relatively good - repetition: poor - naming: poor

Answer 32

conduction aphasia

Question 33

Aphasia - fluency: fluent - comprehension: poor - repetition: good - naming: moderate- severe

Answer 33

transcortical sensory aphasia

Question 34

Aphasia - fluency: fluent paraphasic - comprehension: defective - repetition: mild- severe - naming: mild- severe

Answer 34

Wernicke aphasia

Question 35

Aphasia - fluency: non fluent - comprehension: mild - repetition: good - naming: mild- severe

Answer 35

transcortical motor aphasia

Question 36

Aphasia - fluency: non fluent, effortful, slow - comprehension: mild - repetition: moderate- severe - naming: moderate- severe

Answer 36

Broca's aphasia

Question 37

Aphasia - fluency: non fluent - comprehension: poor - repetition: moderate - naming: poor

Answer 37

Mixed transcortical aphasia

Question 38

Aphasia - fluency: non fluent - comprehension: poor - repetition: poor - naming: poor

Answer 38

Global aphasia

Question 39

Which parts of the brain are important for acquiring new information for declarative memory?

Answer 39

The hippocampus and the medial temporal cortex

Question 40

Which parts of the brain are important for non declarative memory related mechanisms?

Answer 40

``` Basal ganglia Prefrontal cortex Amygdala Sensory association cortex Cerebellum ```