1- introduction, history of C++, C++ program outline Flashcards
Hardware
physical devices that make up computer equipment
Computer
PC/mainframes/workstations
5 computer components
CPU/processor, input device, output device, main memory/primary memory/RAM
CPU/processor
follows the instructions and performs calculations specified by the program
Input Device
any device that allows outside world to communicate information to the CPU
Output Device
any device that allows CPU to communicate information to the outside world
main memory/primary memory/RAM
a list of addressable memory locations that CPU can operate upon, not permanent
secondary memory
memory that is used for keeping a permanent record of information – disk/data CD/flash drive
bit
the least possible amount of information: 0 or 1
byte
8 bits
memory location
single (indivisible) portion of memory that holds data
address
number that identifies a memory location
Natural language
used by humans, ambiguous
High-level language
language (close to natural) that is understood by humans, unambiguous
C++ is a high-level language
Machine/Low-level language
list of instructions in binary format that a computer understands unambiguous
example: 0101 0001 1100 0010
Program (code)
a sequence of instructions for computer to follow
System
to be used by other programmers
Operating system
allocates computer resources, launches other programs and ensures they work properly
Application
used by end-users
Software
collection of programs
Data
input to the program
Running/Executing program + source,object,executable code
performing program instructions on given data code
source (in high-level language)
object (in machine language)
executable code (in machine language) - can run on computer
Library
a collection of previously developed object code: input/output, math, etc.
Compiler
a system program that translates high-level language into low-level language
Linker
program that takes object code and produces executable code
Power
ability to express variety of ideas, code tasks (ex: bigger toolkit); more powerful language makes it easier to program
Understandability
ease of making sense of the code by proficient programmer
Languages preceding C++
BCPL > B > C > C++
Include directive
tells compiler where to find certain items about the program
Main part (main function(
contain instructions for computer, starts and ends with curly brackets: {}
indicates program start
Statement
single unit of execution
each statement ends with semicolon ;
Comment
a portion of line ignored by compiler - serves to make the code easier to understand by humans
Syntax
the principles of constructing (structuring) the program
legal program construct complies with syntactic rules
illegal violates
ex: every statement ends with a semicolon
Semantics
the meaning of programming constructs
ex: assignment statement gives a new value to a variable
Style
non-syntactic rules of program writing aimed at making program easier to read and understand
ex: start the program with comments explaining its purpose
Program consists of…
a sequence of statements
