1. Intro to the GI System

Question 1

What is the alimentary canal?

Answer 1

a hallow canal structure that extends from the mouth to the anus

Question 2

What organs are the alimentary canal composed of?

Answer 2

mouth
esophagus
stomach
large intestine
small intestine
liver
pancreas

Question 3

What is the main processes of the GI tract?

Answer 3

digestion
secretion
absorption
excretion

Question 4

Digestion

Answer 4

breaking down food into nutrition

Question 5

secretion

Answer 5

digestive juices are secreted into the digestive tract lumen by exocrine glands (water, electrolytes, enzymes, bile salts or mucus)

Question 6

motility

Answer 6

coordination of contraction of the smooth muscle cells moves secretion contents from the mouth to the anus

Question 7

Absorption

Answer 7

the product of digestion enters the bloodstream via different transports

Question 8

excretion

Answer 8

the undigested food products, bacteria, and certain heavy metal will be released the the rectum and anus

Question 9

regulation of the GI tract is done by what controls

Answer 9

neural
hormonal
paracrine

Question 10

neural control of the GI tract can be divided into what kind of innervation?

Answer 10

parasympathetic (medulla and sacral spine)
sympathetic (thoracolumbar) = extrinsic

Question 11

extrinsic neurons have cell bodies located where?

Answer 11

outside the gut wall innervating the GI tract

Question 12

intrinsic innervation is referred to as what?

Answer 12

little brain

Question 13

enteric neurons have cell bodies located where?

Answer 13

within the walls of the GI tract

Question 14

what are the principal components of the enteric nervous system (intrinsic innervation)?

Answer 14

myenteric plexus = between the layers of the muscularis

submucousal plexus = between submucousa

Question 15

What are hormones?

Answer 15

blood-borne messengers released from endocrine cells into circulation

Question 16

where are hormones secreted?

Answer 16

endocrine glands from sensory and target cells

Question 17

paracrine control of the GI tract?

Answer 17

elicit quicker response than hormonal as they can move through the extracellular matrix via sensory and neighboring cells.

Question 18

Mouth (saliva)

Answer 18

teeth
salivary glands

Question 19

What are the types of salivary glands and their locations?

Answer 19

parotid (in front of the ear)
sub mandibular (below the jaw)
sub lingual (underneath the jaw)

Question 20

what nerve increases the volume of saliva?

Answer 20

parasympathetic

Question 21

salivation is stimulated by what kind of stimulus?

Answer 21

taste
sight
smell
thought

Question 22

what are the 2 types of receptors that help with saliva secretion?

Answer 22

chemical
mechano

Question 23

saliva is composed of what?

Answer 23

99% water

Question 24

what is the pH of saliva?

Answer 24

6.7-7.3

Question 25

what is the purpose of saliva in the esophagus?

Answer 25

to neuralize gastric secretion

Question 26

another word for deglutition

Answer 26

swallowing

Question 27

what are the 3 phases of deglutition?

Answer 27

oral pharyngeal esophageal

Question 28

what delimits the esophagus

Answer 28

upper and lower sphincter

Question 29

What is prohibited in the esophagus?

Answer 29

air gastric acid

Question 30

what is the stomach's main role?

Answer 30

to secrete digestive juices and break down food and pass it to the small intestine

Question 31

what are the parts of the stomach's structure

Answer 31

cardia corpus pylorus

Question 32

What is the function of the cardia?

Answer 32

first part of the stomach that is connected to the esophagus it contains the cardiac sphincter

Question 33

what is the major part of the stomach

Answer 33

the corpus

Question 34

what is the role of the fundus

Answer 34

to store gas from digestion and hold food when the stomach is full

Question 35

what do gastric glands contain

Answer 35

parietal and chief cells (inside the corpus)

Question 36

what is the pylorus?

Answer 36

the distal part of the stomach that secretes the hormone gastrin from the G cells, and regulates the entry of food from the stomach to the duodenum

Question 37

what are the main gastric gland cells

Answer 37

Mucous cells parietal cells chief cells Endocrine Cells

Question 38

What is the function of mucous cells

Answer 38

to secretes mucus around the stomach lining

Question 39

What is the function of parietal cells

Answer 39

secrete HCl/gastric acid and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption

Question 40

What is the function of chief cells

Answer 40

secrete pepsinogen to form pepsin

Question 41

What is the function of endocrine cells

Answer 41

(D and G cells) release serotonin, histamine, somatostatin, and gastrin

Question 42

What phase prepares the stomach for digestion?

Answer 42

cephalic

Question 43

What is the largest gland in the body

Answer 43

liver

Question 44

what are the lobe of the liver

Answer 44

right left caudate quadrate

Question 45

what is the functional unit of the liver

Answer 45

hepatocyte

Question 46

what is the hepatic sinus

Answer 46

vascular channels that separate the hepatocytes

Question 47

The portal triad of the liver does what

Answer 47

the hepatic artery supplies oxygen portal vein brings nutrient-rich blood bile ducts receives the bile

Question 48

the liver plays a role in what 2 major functions

Answer 48

carbohydrate metabolism (glucose buffer) fat metabolism (oxidize fatty acids)

Question 49

what breaks down bacteria as the liver detoxifies the body

Answer 49

kupffer cells

Question 50

what helps metabolites secrete into bile for elimination

Answer 50

cytochrome P450 enzymes

Question 51

what organ is responsible for the handling of ammonia

Answer 51

the liver

Question 52

how is ammonia exreted

Answer 52

converted to urea, and processed the urea cycle, and excreted as urine

Question 53

what is the only major class of plasma proteins not synthesized by the liver

Answer 53

immunoglobulins

Question 54

What is the function of the large intestine

Answer 54

absorb water, electrolytes, and form feces home of the intestinal microbes

Question 55

what hormone plays an important roles in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer 55

aldosterone

Question 56

What is the main phase of acid secretion

Answer 56

gastric, last 3-4 hours

Question 57

Secretion is induced by stimuli within what receptors

Answer 57

stretch

Question 58

food in the stomach triggers

Answer 58

vasovagal reflexes (Ach) and gastrin secretion

Question 59

chief cells secrete what

Answer 59

pepsinogen

Question 60

parietal cells contain what type of pump?

Answer 60

proton potassium pump

Question 61

parietal cells release what

Answer 61

protons

Question 62

where are 90% of nutrients absorbed

Answer 62

small intestine

Question 63

what is the largest part of the digestive system

Answer 63

small intestine

Question 64

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine

Answer 64

duodenum jejunum illeum

Question 65

what is the most important structural feature of the small intestine

Answer 65

villi (entrocyte 3000-5000)

Question 66

what happens with the small