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Medical radiation pathology 1 > 1) Intro to path, carcinogenesis & neoplasia > Flashcards

1) Intro to path, carcinogenesis & neoplasia Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Pathology definition

A

The scientific study of disease

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2
Q

Aetiology

A

The cause of a disease

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3
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The mechanism causing the disease

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4
Q

Pathological and clinical manifestations

A

Structural and functional features of the disease

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5
Q

Complications and sequelae

A

Secondary, systematic or remote consequences of a disease

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6
Q

Prognosis

A

Anticipated course of the disease

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7
Q

Epidemiology

A

Incidence, prevalence and population distribution of a disease

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8
Q

Benign

A

Tumours remain localised to the tissue of origin and are very rarely lethal

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9
Q

Malignant

A

Tumours invade and spread from their origin and are often lethal

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10
Q

Ana-

A

Absence (anaphylaxis)

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11
Q

Dys-

A

Disordered (dysplasia)

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12
Q

Hyper-

A

Excess over normal (hyperthyroidism)

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13
Q

Hypo-

A

Deficiency below normal (hyperthyroidism)

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14
Q

Meta-

A

A change from one state to another (metaplasia)

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15
Q

Neo-

A

New (neoplasm)

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16
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation (tonsillitis)

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17
Q

-oma

A

A tumour (carcinoma)

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18
Q

-osis

A

A state or condition (scoliosis)

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19
Q

-oid

A

Bearing a resemblance to (rheumatoid disease)

20
Q

-penia

A

Lack of (thrombocytopenia)

21
Q

-opathy

A

An abnormal state lacking specific characteristics (lymphadenopathy)

22
Q

Cells (BvM)

A

Well differentiated vs undifferentiated

23
Q

Metastasis (spread) (BvM)

A

No vs Yes

24
Q

Growth (BvM)

A

Slow, expansion, usually encapsulated vs Rapid, infiltration, invasion

25
Q

Effects (BvM)

A

Usually local vs local and general

26
Q

Tissue destruction (BvM)

A

Not usually vs extensive

27
Q

Lethal (BvM)

A

Not usually vs Usually unless successfully treated

28
Q

Adeno

A

Epithelial (glandular)

29
Q

Fibro

A

Fibrous

30
Q

Osteo

A

Bone

31
Q

Chondro

A

Cartilage

32
Q

Lipo

A

Adipose

33
Q

Leiomyo

A

Smooth muscle

34
Q

Rhabdomyo

A

Skeletal muscle

35
Q

Carcinoma

A

For tumours derived from epithelial tissues

36
Q

Sarcoma

A

For tumours derived from mesodermal (connective and supportive) tissues

37
Q

Blastomas

A

Occur exclusively in very young patients (

38
Q

Leukaemias

A

Tumours of the haematologic tissue of bone marrow

39
Q

Lymphomas

A

Tumours of lymphoid tissue

40
Q

Cancer refers to…

A

Spreading projections of the growth

41
Q

Ways cancer cells differ from normal cells

A
  • Reduced responsiveness to normal growth cells
  • “immunity” from apoptosis (programmed cell death)
  • Indefinite proliferative life span
  • Autostimulation - autocrine growth stimulation
  • Reduced cell to cell adherence
  • Loss of anchorage dependance
  • Greater mobility
42
Q

Metastasis definition

A

The process whereby malignant tumours spread from their original site to form other secondary tumours at distant sites. As cancer cells are loosely attached, clumps can break off forming secondary tumours

43
Q

Routes of metastasis

A
  • Haematogenous: By blood stream
  • Lymphatic: Formed in regional lymph nodes
  • Transcoelomic: Spreading with a cavity (pleural)
  • Implantation: Accidental spillage of tumour cells during surgery
44
Q

Grading of cancers (1-4 based on degree of anaplasia)

A
  • Useful for treatment planning and prognosis
    1) well differentiated cells, closely resembles tissue of origin
    2) moderately differentiated
    3) poorly differentiated
    4) very poorly differentiated, no resemblance to tissue of origin
45
Q

Staging of cancers

A

1) Small, local
2) More extensive, local (locally invasive)
3) Regional lymph nodes involved
4) Distant metastasis spreads

46
Q

T.N.M

A

T) Tumour size (0-4)
N) Lymph node status (0-2)
M) Anatomical extent of metastasis (0-4)

47
Q

Cancer diagnosis

A

Endoscopy: Direct visualisation of internal structures using an endoscope
Imaging: plain x-ray, contrast study, CT, MRI, US
Lab investigation: Tissue sampling by biopsy

Medical radiation pathology 1 (2 decks)

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