(1) Intro to Infectious Diseases and Bacteria (Putthoff) Flashcards
1
Q
What is the most common cause of community aquired lobar pneumonia?
A
Strep pneumoniae
2
Q
What are the important aspects to consider in a clinical approach to pathogens and those agents that may become pathogens?
A
- With which type(s) of infection/infestation is an agent most commonly associated?
- Clinical presentation
- Virulence factors?
- Most common cause of…
- Unique charactteristics
- Overarching clinical conceptualizations
- Prognosis?
3
Q
Rules to write scientific names:
What is always written first?
What is always written second?
A
Homo sapiens
An organisms genus is always written first
An organisms species is always written second
4
Q
Rules to write scientific names:
What is always capitalized?
What is always lower case?
A
Homo sapiens
Genus is capitalized
Species is lower case
5
Q
Rules to write scientific names:
What is always underlined or italicized?
A
Scientific names of organisms are always italicized or underlined
6
Q
As Dr. Putthoff put it…
What is the easiest [potentially overly simplified] way to distinguish prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?
A
Prokaryotes = single celled organisms
Eukaryotes = multicelled organisms
7
Q
Do MOST bacteria stain by the gram stain?
A
No.
They stained very poorly
8
Q
What are the 7 most clinically relevant gram (+) bacteria?
A
- Streptococcus
- Enterococcus
- Staphylococcus
- Bacillus
- Clostridium
- Corynebacterium
- Listeria
9
Q
Which of the 6 most clinically relevant gram (+) bacteria are categorized as “SPORE producing”?
A
Bacillus
Clostridium
(These produce spores. Spheres that protect a dormant bacterium from the harsh enviornment)
10
Q
Which of the 7 most clinically relevant gram (+) bacteria are categorized as “NOT SPORE FORMING”?
A
Corynebacterium
Listeria
11
Q
Behold:
The most common gram stain reference bacteria
What are the purple ones?
What are the pink ones?
A
Purple = Staphoreous (Gram positive)
Pink = E.Coli (Gram negative)
12
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What is the name for a circular bacteria?
A
Coccus
13
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What are examples of gram positive CIRCULAR bacteria?
A
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Staphylococcus
14
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What are examples of gram negative CIRCULAR bacteria?
A
Neisseria
Moraxella
15
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What is the term for a rod shaped bacteria?
A
Bacillus
16
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What are examples of gram positive rod bacteria?
A
Corynebacterium
Listeria
Bacillus
Clostridum
Mycobacterium (acid-fast)
17
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What are examples of gram negative rod bacteria?
A
There are SOO MANY! Learn by exclusion. Remember the earlier flashcard with the 7 most common Gram POSITIVE bacteria. But here is the list on the table for your enjoyment:
ENTERICS = Escherichia coli, Shingella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Serratia, Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides
Also….not included in enterics = Haemophilus, Bordetella, Legionella, Yersinia, Francisella, Brucella, Pasteurella, Gardenerella
18
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What are examples of gram positive spiral bacteria?
A
Lol there aren’t any
19
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What are examples of gram negative SPIRAL bacteria?
A
Spirochetes:
- Treponema
- Borrelia
- Leptospira
20
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What are examples of gram positive “Branching filamentous growth” bacteria?
A
Actinomyces
Nocardia
21
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What are examples of gram negative“Branching filamentous growth” bacteria?
A
There are none, lol
22
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What are examples of gram positve pleomorphic bacteria?
A
There are none, lol
23
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What are examples of gram negative pleomorphic bacteria?
A
Chlamydia
Rickettsiae
24
Q
Figure 1-9 Bacterial Morphology
What are examples of gram positve/gram negative bacteria with NO CELL WALL?
A
Mycoplasma
25
The catalase reaction --
How is it fundamentally and most practically employed?
To differentiate between **STAPH** and **STREP**
26
When you have a patient that is presenting with shock symptoms...what is something you ALWAYS have to do?
Get a **CULTURE!!!**
You need to determine what exactly is affecting the patient before administering any antibiotics
27
# Define:
Bacteria
Procaryotes that exist in a **halploid state**
28
Why are bacterial genetics critical to understanding the behavior of bacteria?
Exchange of genetic material enables bacteria to become **pathogenic**, **resist antiboitic therapy** and, fundamentally **survive**
29
What is **bacterial transformation?**
The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the **direct uptake** and **incorporation** of _exogenous genetic material_ FROM IT'S SURROUNDINGS through the cell membrane
30
What is **bacterial transduction?**
Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a **virus** or **viral vector**
31
What is **bacterial conjugation?**
"Bacteria sex"
The transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by **direct cell-to-cell contact** or by a **bridge-like** connection between two cells
32
What are the 4 general methods to identify bacteria and other potential pathogenic agents?
Smears
Culture
Molecular techniques
Serology
33
What are examples of **potential pathogens?**
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Prions
Other
34
What are the PROs to using a **culture** method to ID bacteria?
**High specificity**
Isolates can be tested for _antibiotic specificity_
Can determine phenotype
Less expensive
35
What are the CONs to using a culture method to ID bacteria?
***_Biosaftey concern_***
Low sensitivity (low bacterial count)
Cannot detect nonviable bacteria
Biochemical pheotype may not agree with genotype
Longer time for results
36
What are the PROs to using a NAT (nucleic acid test) to ID bacteria?
High sensitivity
_Rapid_ turnaround time
Can detect _nonviable bacteria_
Reduced biosaftey concern
37
What are the CONs to using a NAT (nucleic acid test) to ID bacteria?
Requires special training
Requires special instrumentation and workflow
False negatives and positives occur
38
What does it mean when a steptococcus group is considered a **LANCEFIELD group?**
Groups A, B and D for Streptococcus are considered LANCEFIELD GROUPS
They all have a **hemolytic reaction on blood agar**
\*They LANCE the blood, causing a hemolytic reaction
39
What are the virulence factors for **group A beta-hemolytic strep?**
C carbohydrate
M protein
Strep O
Strep S
Pyrogenic toxin
40
41
This is an example of?
Erythema marginatum
42
What is the **genus/species name** of Group B Streptococci?
Streptococcus agalactiae
43
What are the 3 most common pathogens associated with meningitis in neonates and infants less than three months in age?
Group B Strep
Listeria
E. Coli
44
What does **viridis** mean?
Green
45
Viridans group streptococci
What is the hemolytic reaction on blood agar?
GREEN appearance
46
VIridans group streptococci
Where are they normal flora?
GI Tract
Nasopharynx
Gingiva
47
Viridans Group Streptococci
What are the types of associated infections?
Dental carries
Endocarditis
48
Viridans Group Streptococci
The clinical significance of blood culture positivity with this type of bacterium?
Suspect **occult abscess**
49
Group D Strep
Hallmark?
Mostly aquired in the **hospital setting**, are very _drug-resistant_
_GROUP D = Drug resistant_
50
What are the three most commonly associated organisms with **Otitis Media?**
Strep pneumoneae
Hemophilus influenza (HI)
Moraxcella cateralis (MC)
51
What are the two most classic patterns of pneumonia?
Bronchopneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
52
What are the (3) genus/species of **staphylococci?**
Staphylococcus aureus (\*most important clinically, is coagulase positive)
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
53
What makes **staphylococcus aureus** particularly infectious?
Virulence proteins (especially _beta-lactamase_) that degrades classic penicillins
Enzymatic tissue proteins
Cutaneous endotoxin
Exotoxins
54
What is:
TSST-1
Exotoxin
Associated with Toxic shock syndrome, higher prevalence in women
55
*S. epidermitis*
Is typically transmitted via?
Indwelling catheters
Prosthetic devices
56
What is a leading cause (second to *E.coli)* of community-aquired UTI's in sexually active young women?
*S. saprophyticus*
57
*Bacillus anthracis*
Unique attributes?
Where is it aquired?
Clinical appearance?
Unique attributes = CAPSULE
Where is it aquired= SOIL, ubiquitous
Clinical appearance= forms a malignant pustule **(ESCHAR)**
58
*Bacillus cereus*
Causes?
Bacillary dysentery
59
*Corynebacterium diptheriae*
Clinical presentation?
Appropriate culture medium?
Antitoxin?
Clinical presentation = Upper respiratory manifestation
Appropriate culture medium= plated
Antitoxin= bacteriophage needs to infect the bacterium, or it's toxic features do not occur
60
*Listeria monocytogenes*
Highly associated with?
Placentitis
Neonatal meningitis
61
What are the only (major) pathogenic **gram negative cocci?**
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria gonorrheae
62
*Neisseria meningitidis*
ALWAYS HAS what feature?
Characteristic RASH!!!
Measles like, seen on the chest
63
*Neisseria gonorrheae*
Clinical presentation?
Most _men are symptomatic_ with: Purulent urethral discharge, epididymitis, prostatitis, urethral strictures
_Women_ are more likely to be asymptomatic, PID , dyspareunia
64
Add the HACEK group of organisms (pg 69)
65
What are the **enterics?**
Gram negative bacteria that are part of normal GI flora or cause gastrointestinal disease
66
What are examples of **the enterics?**
Enterobacteriaceae
Vibrionaceace
Pseudomonadaceae
Bacteriodaceae
67
When there is fecal contamination of a water supply, what is tested for??
Coliforms
68
Describe what you can infer based on these diarrheal manifestations:
Bloody diarrhea
Watery diarrhea
Bloody diarrhea = Cell invasion
Watery diarrhea = No cell invasion
69
*Klebsiella pneumoniae*
How is it frequently aquired?
Hospital aquired
70
Klebsiella pneumoniae
What does it induce?
Causes an **aggressive**, **cavitary** (necrosis-inducing) **pneumonia** with thick, coughed-up sputum
Appearance of "red currant jelly"
71
*Proteus mirabilis*
What are the characteristics?
Very motile
Urea-splitting
Cross reactivity with Rickettsia
Common cause of UTIs
72
*Shigella*
What is the major clinical manifestation?
Is it pathogenic or normal GI flora?
Who is the host?
**Dysentery** (targets very young or elderly)
ALWAYS a pathogen
ONLY Humans
73
*E. Coli*
What is important to note about this?
It CAN BE A BACTERIA THAT CONTRIBUTES TO NORMAL FUNCTIONING
\*It is commonly associated with strictly diseased states. Be sure to know this fact!
74
*Salmonella*
Where is it found?
Pathogenic or cooperative?
Animal feces; also commonly acquired from contaminated chicken or eggs
ALWAYS a pathogen
75
*Salmonella*
What are the 4 disease states in humans?
- Typhoid fever
- Carrier
- Sepsis
- Gastroenteritis/diarrhea
76
What are **rose spots?**
Rash that occurs in 30% of people infected with ***SALMONELLA TYPHI***
Characteristically, rose spots are seen in **untreated typhoid fever**
Usually found b/w the level of the nipples and umbilicus
77
What is an **exanthem?**
Faint rash
78
The clinical syndromes associated with ______ and _______ are indistinguishable
S. Typhi
and
Paratyphi
79
What is the bacterium associated with "*pseudoappendicitis"?*
Yersinia enterocolitica
80
*Vibrio Cholera*
How is it contracted?
Cell invasion?
Mechanism?
Hallmarks?
Fecal-oral route contamination
No cell invasion
Bacteria "attach" themselves to epithelial cells and elaborate the choleragen toxin -- associated with cAMP production
"Rice Water" stool/diarrhea
81
What is the leading cause of diarrhea in Japan?
Vibro parahemolyticus
82
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in the world
Campylobacter jejuni
83
*Campylobacter jejuni*
Clinical presentation?
Associations?
Fever, headache, loose and bloody diarrhea
Reactive arthritis and Guillian-Barre syndrome
84
Which bacteria is the most common cause of **duodenal ulcers** and **chronic gastritis?**
Helicobacter pylori
85
Helicobacter pylori
Highly associated with which form of cancer?
MALTomas
86
Most of the GI flora is composed of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Obligate anaerobic gram negative rods made up of bacteria from **Bacteriodes** family
87
What is a serious consideration to make with **Bacteriodes**?
Although this bacterium normally has low virulence and is found in homeostasis with the GI tract....
TRAUMA (i.e. surgery) will release this organism and potentially cause widespread **infection** or **loculated abscess formations**
88
*Peptostreptococcus*
Family?
Where is it typically found?
Anaerobic Gram Positive Cocci
Part of normal flora of the mouth, vagina and intestine
89
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
Clinical presentation?
Hallmark features?
A serious complication in a very ill, debilitated, usually hospitilized patient
(Wind, water, wound, wires)
Resistant to many antibiotics
Produces a **grey-green pigment** which is observable in infected wounds and at autopsy
Has a distinctive **sour/sweet smell** askin to **fermented grapes**
90
*Hemophilus influenzae*
(INSERT PAGES 96-97 key points here)
91
*Hemophilus influenzae*
Family?
How is it transmitted?
Obligate human "parasite"
Respiratory tract
92
*Hemophilus influenzae*
What are the virulence factors?
- Polysaccharide capsule
- Non-encapsulated strains exist
- Antibodies to the capsule are generally lacking in infants and children
93
What is the most concerning form of *Hemophilus influenzae?*
Type B
94
What does *Hemophilus influenzae* type B cause?
Meningitis
Acute epiglottitis
Septic arthritis
Sepsis
95
What is *Hemophilus ducreyi?*
STD
(CHANCROID) is the disease
Painful genital ulcer
96
*Gardenerlla vaginalis*
Associated with which type of cells?
"Clue cells"
97
*Whooping cough*
What is the associated bacterium?
Bordetalla pertussis
98
*Bordetalla pertussis*
What type of bacteria is it?
Mechanism?
Noteworthy?
Gram negative rod w/ 4 virulence factors
A major toxin activates G proteins increasing **cAMP**, likely the cause of prodigious secretions in the distinctive sounds of inspiration and coughing
PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTOSIS
99
*Legionella pneumophila*
What bacterial family?
Where does it love to live?
Aerobic Gram Negative rod
Water-lover
100
*Yersinisa, Francisella, Brucella and Pasteurella*
Family?
Method of transmission?
Etiology?
Gram negative rods
Zoonotic
Very aggressive/virulent disease in humans
101
What is the bacterium associated with **bubonic plague?**
Yersina pestis
102
*Yersinia pestis*
What is the method of tranmission?
Who does it infect?
Where does it generally spread to?
Vectors are fleas
Rodents and humans
Inguinal lymph nodes
103
Which bacterium is typically confused with bubonic plague?
*Francisella tularensis*
104
*Francisella tularensis*
Infects what primarily?
Noteworthy association?
Rabbits
Aquired from humans from the bite(s) of infected ticks and deerflies
105
What is an **undulant fever?**
Fevers tend to increase in the day, and subside during the evening
106
What is the major clinical feature of **Brucella?**
Undulant fever
107
*Chlamydia, Rickettsia and Friends*
Size?
Family?
Very small (closer in size of larger viruses)
Gram negative bacteria, obligate intracellular parasites
108
General rule for staining:
What is the general rule for bacterium that do NOT stain well?
Generally, indulent infections
109
What is the msot common STD in the US?
Chlamydia trachomatis
110
Look over Table 8-3 Classification of important STDs in robbins
111
*Rickettsia*
Family?
Size?
Clinical manifestation?
Gram negative, non-motile, coccobacillary bacteria
Small
Rashes, high fevers, severe headaches, conjunctivitis
112
What is the major disease associated with *Rickettsia?*
Rocky mountain spotted fever
113
What bacteria is associated with **cat-scratch disease?**
Bartonella henselae
114
What bacterium is associated with **trench fever?**
Bartonella quintana
115
What bacterium is associated with **Q fever?**
Coxiella burnetti
116
*Spirochetes*
Family?
Diagnotic problem?
Tiny Gram negative organisms with spiral configurations
Difficult to culture
117
*Spirochetes* are associated with?
Syphilis
118
What does the term **leus** mean?
Syphilis like
119
*Treponema pallidum*
What is the disease associated with this bacterium?
Syphilis
120
What is the bacterium associated with **lyme disease?**
Borrelia burgdorferi
121
*Mycobacteria*
Cellular appearance?
Host?
Resulting manifestations?
Thin, beaded rods with lipid laden cell walls
ONLY humans
Cell mediated immunity leads to _caseous necrosis_
122
*Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare*
ONLY SEEN WITH...
HIV/AIDS patients
123
What is the "tiniest free-living organism" capable of self replication?
Mycoplasma
(bacteria w/out cell walls)
124
What are examples of **bacterial agents of bioterrorism?**
Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
Franciscella tularensis
Clostridium botulinum
125
What are examples of **viral agents of bioterrorism?**
Smallpox
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (Filoviruses, Bunyaviruses, Arenaviruses)
126
