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MCD- Immunology > 1 - Intro to immunology > Flashcards

1 - Intro to immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of the immune system?

A
  • protection of host from pathogenic microorganisms
  • distinguishing self from non-self
  • distinguishing self from abnormal self (surveillance and clearance of abnormal (cancer cells)
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2
Q

give an example of immunodeficiency

A

SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)

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3
Q

What is the generation time of bacteria and viruses?

A

bacteria - minutes

viruses - hours

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4
Q

What is immunopathology?

A

the balance between clearing the pathogen and causing collateral damage (to the host)

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5
Q

Gives examples of PAMPs and DAMPs

A

PAMPS
e.g. bacterial cell wall components- flagella, LPS, peptidoglycan- dsRNA in cytoplasm, viral RNA
PRR: Toll-like receptors

DAMPS
e.g. high extracellular ATP, monosodium urate, reactive oxygen species, DNA
ECM—> fragments of aggrecan, fibronectin, collagen, hyaluronan

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6
Q

What is an acute phase inflammatory response a response to?

A

(an acute response) to tissue damage

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7
Q

What happens in an acute phase inflammatory response?

A

activation of IL1

followed by production of acute phase proteins by the liver

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8
Q

Define acute phase proteins

A

a class of plasma proteins whose plasm concentrations increaser (positive acute phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute phase proteins) in response to inflammation

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9
Q

What are cytokines?

A

large family of soluble molecules
diffuse into nearby cells, bind to specific receptors and alter the pathogen gene expression
important in the proliferation of lymphocytes
transmit info between cells

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10
Q

Which cells are granulocytes?

A 
BASOPHILS
- least abundant type of leukocyte
NEUTROPHILS
- multi-lobed nucleus
- phagocytic
EOSINPHILS
- bi-lobed nucleus
- important in response to parasites
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11
Q

Define antigen

A

molecules that are recognised and bound by lymphocyte (NOT necessarily foreign molecules)

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12
Q

Define an antibody

A

an immunoglobulin molecule in the blood and body fluids which binds specifically to an antigen

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13
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

an antigen that initiates an immune response

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14
Q

What is an epitope?

A

the part of an antigen that an antibody binds to

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15
Q

What types of cells are lymphocytes?

How are the subtypes distinguished?

A

granular leukocytes
involved in the acquired immune system

distinguished by CD markers

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16
Q

What are B-cell antigen receptors?

A

membrane bound antibodies

bind INTACT antigens

17
Q

What are T-cell antigen receptors?

A

(have 2 protein chains- alpha and beta)

only bind digested/processed antigen fragments

18
Q

What complex does TCR recognise? (to recognise an antigen)

A

a complex of antigen peptide and HLA (MHC) complex

19
Q

What are MHCs and what is their function?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

they are locales that present processed antigens to T lymphocytes)

20
Q

What is MHC known as in humans?

A

HLA (human leukocyte antigen)

21
Q

What are the 2 strategies used by the immune system to recognise danger?
Give the main differences

A 
STRATEGY 1
- germ-line encoded
- hundreds of receptors
- use PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)
STRATEGY 2
- random recombination of gene segments
- thousands of receptors (wider variety)
- use antigen specific receptors on lymphocytes
22
Q

B-cells receptors bind ______

A

antigens

23
Q

T-cell receptors bind ______

A

(processed) antigen fragments present at cell surfaces

24
Q

Compare the innate and adaptive immune system

A
  • fast (minutes/hours) vs slow (days/weeks)
  • germine encoded vs random recombination
  • limited specificity (small range of PAMPs/DAMPs) vs unlimited specificity
  • independent of previous exposure vs dependent on previous exposure
  • no memory vs memory
25
Q

What cells/molecules use the cellular and humoral response?

A

cellular - T and B cells

humoral - antibodies

26
Q

Name the 3 types of cells used in innate immunity

A

neutrophils
macrophages
eosinophils

27
Q

Name the 3 molecules used in the innate immune system

A

acute-phase proteins
complement
cytokines

28
Q

Name the 2 types of cells used in adaptive immunity

A

T and B lymphocytes

29
Q

Name 2 soluble factors used in adaptive immunity

A

cytokines

antibodies

30
Q

Name the 3 types of cells that partake in both types of immunity

A

basophils/mast cells
dendritic cells
NK cells

31
Q

When clonal selection occurs, how is the infection cleared?

A
  • cytotoxic T-cells can kill infected cells
  • antibodies being to the antigens
  • —-> this triggers clearance by phagocytes - OPSONISATION
  • —–> can inactivate toxins, agglutinate and activate the complement pathway and NK cells

MCD- Immunology (9 decks)

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