1. into to organic

Question 1

empirical formula

Answer 1

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of an element in a compound

Question 2

molecular formula

Answer 2

the actual number of each atom of an element in a compound

Question 3

structural formula

Answer 3

minimal detail showing arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 4

displayed formula

Answer 4

all the atoms and cov. bonds present in a molecule

Question 5

skeletal formula

Answer 5

simplified organic formula showing on carbon skeleton and functional groups

Question 6

side groups

Answer 6

alkyl groups branching off the main c chain. you need numbers to indicate the position

Question 7

homologous series

Answer 7

a series of compounds containing the same functional group. they have:
- the same chemical properties and
- a trend in physical properties
- they increase by a ch2 group every time
- they have the same gen formula

Question 8

functional group of
alkenes
alcohols
haloalkanes
aldehydes

Answer 8

C=C

C-OH

C-X

C=O and a H on the C too lol (in formula it’s CHO

Question 9

functional group of
ketones
c acids
nitriles
amines

Answer 9

C=O

COOH

C triple bond N

C-NH2

Question 10

priority order for naming when there’s >1 f group

Answer 10

c acids
aldehyde
ketones
alcohols
alkenes
haloalkanes

f group with higher precedence takes the suffix and the lowest C in chain.

if an alkene was also with a c acid since c acid takes suffix it becomes eg butenoic acid (-en-)

Question 11

if the suffix (f group) begins with a vowel then

Answer 11

take the e off stem alkane

eg butane alcohol
butanol

Question 12

if suffix starts w consonant (give eg) then

Answer 12

keep the -e on the alkane stem

dioic acid
nitrile
diol

eg hexane diol
hexane-2,3-diol

Question 13

structural isomerism

3 types

Answer 13

same molecular formula but different structural formula

• chain
• position
• f group

Question 14

chain isomerism

Answer 14

same m formula diff structures of c skeleton / chain length

Question 15

position isomerism

Answer 15

same m formula different position of same f group on same c skeleton

Question 16

functional group isomerism

Answer 16

same m formula, atoms arranged into diff f groups

Question 17

isomerism -> structural (chain, f group, position) // stereoisomerism

2 types

Answer 17

same m/s formula different 3d spatial arrangements of atoms

geometric + (optical but that’s a level)

optical - molecules have the same molecular
formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms in space. It occurs when there is an
asymmetrical carbon within an organic molecule known as a chiral centre. Chiral carbons have four different groups bonded to them

Question 18

what effect can geometric stereoisomerism have

Answer 18

on physical properties bc molecule can be polar or not due to the atomic arrangement. so could have D-D IMF making forces maintaining m/BP higher

Question 19

f group structural isomerism pairs

Answer 19

alkenes and cycloalkanes

aldehydes and ketones

alcohols and ethers (f group R-O-R)

c acids and esters (f group r-c double bond o, o-r)

Question 20

what f group shows geometric isomerism? why?

Answer 20

alkenes that have 2 diff atom groups on each C

C=C has limited rotation so atoms are arranged differently in space

Question 21

how is an isomer E or Z

how determine this?

Answer 21

priority groups are opposite for E , on the same side for Z

determine using cahn-ingold-prelog rules:
1. look at atomic numbers on atoms attached to C in C=C
2. you’re comparing groups on same C against eachother
3. no totalling
4. winner gets priority 1
5. priority 1s on same side -> Z

Question 22

reactions of organic compounds can be explained using

Answer 22

mechanisms