1. into to organic

Question 1

empirical formula

Answer 1

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of an element in a compound

Question 2

molecular formula

Answer 2

the actual number of each atom of an element in a compound

Question 3

structural formula

Answer 3

minimal detail showing arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 4

displayed formula

Answer 4

all the atoms and cov. bonds present in a molecule

Question 5

skeletal formula

Answer 5

simplified organic formula showing on carbon skeleton and functional groups

Question 6

side groups

Answer 6

alkyl groups branching off the main c chain. you need numbers to indicate the position

Question 7

homologous series

Answer 7

a series of compounds containing the same functional group. they have:
- the same chemical properties and
- a trend in physical properties
- they increase by a ch2 group every time
- they have the same gen formula

Question 8

functional group of
alkenes
alcohols
haloalkanes
aldehydes

Answer 8

C=C

C-OH

C-X

C=O and a H on the C too lol (in formula it’s CHO

Question 9

functional group of
ketones
c acids
nitriles
amines

Answer 9

C=O

COOH

C triple bond N

C-NH2

Question 10

priority order for naming when there’s >1 f group

Answer 10

c acids
aldehyde
ketones
alcohols
alkenes
haloalkanes

f group with higher precedence takes the suffix and the lowest C in chain.

if an alkene was also with a c acid since c acid takes suffix it becomes eg butenoic acid (-en-)

Question 11

if the suffix (f group) begins with a vowel then

Answer 11

take the e off stem alkane

eg butane alcohol
butanol

Question 12

if suffix starts w consonant (give eg) then

Answer 12

keep the -e on the alkane stem

dioic acid
nitrile
diol

eg hexane diol
hexane-2,3-diol

Question 13

structural isomerism

3 types

Answer 13

same molecular formula but different structural formula

• chain
• position
• f group

Question 14

chain isomerism

Answer 14

same m formula diff structures of c skeleton / chain length

Question 15

position isomerism

Answer 15

same m formula different position of same f group on same c skeleton

Question 16

functional group isomerism

Answer 16

same m formula, atoms arranged into diff f groups

Question 17

stereoisomerism

2 types

Answer 17

same m/s formula different 3d spatial arrangements of atoms

geometric + (optical but that’s a level)

Question 18

what effect can geometric stereoisomerism have

Answer 18

on physical properties bc molecule can be polar or not due to the atomic arrangement. so could have D-D IMF making forces maintaining m/BP higher

Question 19

f group structural isomerism pairs

Answer 19

alkenes and cycloalkanes

aldehydes and ketones

alcohols and ethers (f group R-C-O-C-R)

c acids and esters (f group r-c double bond o, o-r)

Question 20

what f group shows geometric isomerism? why?

Answer 20

alkenes that have 2 diff atom groups on each C

C=C has limited rotation so atoms are arranged differently in space

Question 21

how is an isomer E or Z

how determine this?

Answer 21

priority groups are opposite for E , on the same side for Z

determine using cahn-ingold-prelog rules:
1. look at atomic numbers on atoms attached to C in C=C
2. you’re comparing groups on same C against eachother
3. no totalling
4. winner gets priority 1
5. priority 1s on same side -> Z

Question 22

reactions of organic compounds can be explained using

Answer 22

mechanisms