1. into to organic Flashcards
empirical formula
simplest whole number ratio of atoms of an element in a compound
molecular formula
the actual number of each atom of an element in a compound
structural formula
minimal detail showing arrangement of atoms in a molecule
displayed formula
all the atoms and cov. bonds present in a molecule
skeletal formula
simplified organic formula showing on carbon skeleton and functional groups
side groups
alkyl groups branching off the main c chain. you need numbers to indicate the position
homologous series
a series of compounds containing the same functional group. they have:
- the same chemical properties and
- a trend in physical properties
- they increase by a ch2 group every time
- they have the same gen formula
functional group of
alkenes
alcohols
haloalkanes
aldehydes
C=C
C-OH
C-X
C=O and a H on the C too lol (in formula it’s CHO
functional group of
ketones
c acids
nitriles
amines
C=O
COOH
C triple bond N
C-NH2
priority order for naming when there’s >1 f group
c acids
aldehyde
ketones
alcohols
alkenes
haloalkanes
f group with higher precedence takes the suffix and the lowest C in chain.
if an alkene was also with a c acid since c acid takes suffix it becomes eg butenoic acid (-en-)
if the suffix (f group) begins with a vowel then
take the e off stem alkane
eg butane alcohol
butanol
if suffix starts w consonant (give eg) then
keep the -e on the alkane stem
dioic acid
nitrile
diol
eg hexane diol
hexane-2,3-diol
structural isomerism
3 types
same molecular formula but different structural formula
- chain
- position
- f group
chain isomerism
same m formula diff structures of c skeleton / chain length
position isomerism
same m formula different position of same f group on same c skeleton
functional group isomerism
same m formula, atoms arranged into diff f groups
isomerism -> structural (chain, f group, position) // stereoisomerism
the 2 types of stereoisomerism
same m/s formula different 3d spatial arrangements of atoms
geometric + (optical but that’s a level)
optical - molecules have the same molecular
formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms in space. It occurs when there is an
asymmetrical carbon within an organic molecule known as a chiral centre. Chiral carbons have four different groups bonded to them
what effect can geometric stereoisomerism have
on physical properties bc molecule can be polar or not due to the atomic arrangement. so could have D-D IMF making forces maintaining m/BP higher
f group structural isomerism pairs
alkenes and cycloalkanes
aldehydes and ketones
alcohols and ethers (f group C-O-C)
c acids and esters (f group r-c double bond o, o-r)
what f group shows geometric isomerism? why?
alkenes that have 2 diff atom groups on each C
C=C has limited rotation so atoms are arranged differently in space
how is an isomer E or Z
how determine this?
priority groups are opposite for E , on the same side for Z
determine using cahn-ingold-prelog rules:
1. look at atomic numbers on atoms attached to C in C=C
2. you’re comparing groups on same C against each other. Therefore consider groups joined to rhs or lhs c in c=c
3. no totalling
4. winner gets priority 1. The atom with the highest atomic number is (state which) so the (state which) group takes priority
5. If Both groups contain carbon (to say, the same atom as first consideration) you consider atoms 1 bond further away
6. Evaluate their atomic number: The atom with the highest atomic number is (state which) so the (state which) group takes priority
5. priority 1s on same side -> Z
reactions of organic compounds can be explained using
mechanisms
Iupac stands for
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
