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Insect-Plant Relationships > 1 - Hurdles to Herbivory > Flashcards

1 - Hurdles to Herbivory Flashcards

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Conversation Starters flashcards
1
Q

Compensatory feeding

A

eating large amounts of N-poor tissue to compensate for low value

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2
Q

ECI

A

efficiency of conversion of ingested food…

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3
Q

Endophagy

A

feeding inside plant tissues

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4
Q

Filter chamber

A

modified gut allows sucking insects to concentrate N from dilute plant sap

excess water secreted as honeydew!

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5
Q

Prolegs

A

fleshy abdominal legs of some larvae

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6
Q

Microbial gut symbionts

A

help digestibility, much like ruminant animals

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7
Q

Polyphagous

A

can feed on various types of unrelated plants (generalists)

locust, beetle

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8
Q

Oligophagous

A

feed on restricted set of plants (related, families)

CO potato beetle (Solanaceae), cabbage looper (Cruciferaceae)

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9
Q

Monophagous

A

feeds on only one species (or genus) of plant (specialist)

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10
Q

Secondary plant chemicals

A

compounds not universally found in higher plants, restricted to certain taxa or in higher amounts than others

no apparent role in primary plant metabolism

hundreds of thousands

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11
Q

Only 1/3 of insect orders can feed on plants. Why?

A

have not succeeded in overcoming southwood’s hurdles… or no need to

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12
Q

According to T.R.E. Southwood, what are the three major hurdles to herbivory?

A
  1. attachment
  2. desiccation
  3. nutrition
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13
Q

Adaptations to overcome desiccation? (HoH2)

A

drinking

wax layer of exoskeleton

close spiracles

recycle fluids

dry fecal matter

endophagy

eggs. ..
- bury in soil/insert into plant

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14
Q

Caterpillar adaptations that boast so much success?

A

prolegs ?

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15
Q

Why is N a limiting element in diet of plant-feeding insects?

A

limiting element in all herbivores!

higher N = more efficient conversion of carbs for faster growth

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16
Q

How do dietary requirements for insects vary from vertebrates?

A

insects need to imbibe sterols (cannot produce)

17
Q

Why must insects obtain sterol(s)?

A

cannot synthesize themselves…

component of cell membranes, precursors of synthesis hormones

18
Q

What is ‘puddling’ by butterflies? What limiting element are they after?

A

clinging to wet soil, acquires sodium as its leached out

19
Q

According to Fraenkel, what is the raison d’etre (reason for being) of plant secondary chemicals? Why was this controversial in 1959?

A

defense system against insects and other herbivores… now guide specialists to food

20
Q

“Green World Hypothesis”

A

Plants successfully cover the Earth and herbivores rarely demolish their food supply, in natural systems… because herbivores are limited by PREDATORS, PARASITES, and DISEASES.

21
Q

Why is the ‘Green World Hypothesis’ an oversimplification?

A

many other factors determine populations of insects

22
Q

“Dual Discrimination Hypothesis”

A

Kennedy

secondary chem AND nutrients are cues…

chem: recognition and range
nutrient: feeding site (tissue)

23
Q

T.R.E. (Sir Richard) Southwood

A

determined hurdles to herbivory

24
Q

Gottfried Fraenkel

A

raison d’etre of secondary plant chemicals

25
Q

John S. Kennedy

A

Dual Discrimination Hypothesis

26
Q

how many insect orders can feed on plants?

A

8 / 28

27
Q

What are ‘top-down’ factors? name some associated with the Green World Hypothesis

A

consumer limiting factors (not resources, which are bottom up)

predators, parasites, diseases

28
Q

Adaptations to overcome attachment (HoH1)?

A

structural mods

  • tarsi
  • prolegs & crochets
  • stylet mouthparts

secretions

  • scale insects
  • reversible rectal organs…
29
Q

crochets

A

hooks on feet (like velcro)

30
Q

Adaptations to overcome nutrition (HoH3)?

A

compensatory eating

selective feeding

prolonged development

digestive adaptations
- gut symbionts to help with cellulose

31
Q

nutrient requirements?

A

water

carbs: energy

amino acids: protein synth

lipids

fatty acids

vitamins (except D, no Ca skeleton!)

mineral nutrients:

  • Na, nerve/muscle function (low in plant tissues)
  • Fe, Mg, Zn other trace, cofactors in enzymes and cellular resp, harden parts (mandibles)

STEROLS: cell wall and hormone precursor

sequestered chemicals… defense or precursors

32
Q

% specialists?

A

80%!

33
Q

what is the relationship between nitrogen content of plant tissues and ECI by insects?

A

newer/specialized tissues are more N rich… insects have to eat less

older tissue less rich, need to eat more (compensatory)

Insect-Plant Relationships (7 decks)

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