1: History and basic foundations of intervention techniques and psychological treatments

Question 1

Ontology

Answer 1

philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence or reality, as well as basic characteristics of being and their relations

Question 2

Epistemology

Answer 2

Studies the nature of knowledge, the rationality of belief, and justification

Question 3

Theoretic-clinic

Answer 3

Etiopathogenesis, nosology (DSM…), objectives, model of change…

Question 4

Techniques

Answer 4

concrete psychological interventions

Question 5

What does each approach try to do?

Answer 5

• provide a diagnostich scheme ( to find “underlying cause” of problems)
• present treatment interventions
• propose optimal manner for therapists to relate to clients

Question 6

What are the origins of psychotherapy?

Answer 6

• Western cultural practice oriented to improve mental health and quality of life.
• Individualization puts higher demands on the individual psyche
• Decline of religious practices
• Failure of art and philosophy as a tool of balance

Question 7

PREMODERNITY (from prehistory to 1500)

Shamanism

Answer 7

• Dualistic attitude:spirits dictate everything that happens and my be responsible for sickness.
  Etiology of mental disorders: losing ones soul, possession, taboo crimes and projectiles.
• Shaman had to reach altered state of consciousness to perceive and interact with a spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world.

Question 8

PREMODERNITY (from prehistory to 1500)

Collectivism vs egocentrism

Answer 8

• Epistemological egocentrism: lack of understanding that things can look different from other perspectives. Subjectivity and individuality.
• Magical thinking: what happens outside, is more relevant to what happens inside than to context
• Trepanation: opening a hole in skull using a bore as treatment

Question 9

PREMODERNITY (from prehistory to 1500)

Greece

Answer 9

• philosophers realized the power of words to persuade
• Aristotle: rational in the soul and cognitive faculties in the heart
• He also said optimum activity in the soul is aim of all deliberate action. Eudaimonia (happiness), requires moral virtue
• Hippocrates: treatment based on healing powers of nature. Illness is a disturbance in balance of fluids (humourism)

Question 10

PREMODERNITY (from prehistory to 1500)

Buddhism

Answer 10

Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
- “I” is impermanent and came to be because of events and people
- Four noble truths: 1) to live is to suffer 2) cause of this is self-centred desire and attatchments 3) soludion is get rid of them 4) way to Nirvana is through the “Noble Eight-Fold-Path”
- Wisdom: right understanding + right motivation
- Moral discipline: right speech + right action + right livelihood
- Mental discipline: right effort + right mindfullness + right meditation
- All phenomena: impermanence (Annica), dissatisfaction (Dukkha) and non-self (Anatta)

Question 11

MIDDLE AGES (17th century)

Answer 11

• Roles were assigned by God, only freedom was to play it prudently or fall victim to passions and instincts.
• Interested in questions of desire, will, intention, sin and virtue:
  -Sickness: result of sin
  -Diagnosis: based on unreliable tests
  -Treatment: confession
• Pare Jofré (Valencia): 1st mental hospital

Question 12

ENLIGHTENMENT (18th century)

Answer 12

• Mental disorder = degenerates
• Interventions: hospitalization, isolation
• Thomas Wills: internal biochemical relationship was behind mental disorders. Bleeding, purging and vomiting
• Halloran’s Spinning Swing and Cox’s Chair (Joseph Cox)

Question 13

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Scientific Modernism

Objectivism:

Answer 13

Nature exists independently of observers and can be described without bias using the scientific method

Question 14

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Scientific Modernism

Universalism

Answer 14

Scientific explanations apply to all times, places situations, regardless of the contexts in which events occur

Question 15

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Scientific Modernism

Atomism

Answer 15

scientific descriptions involve elements appropriate to each discipline

Question 16

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Scientific Modernism

Materialism

Answer 16

every event involves observable objects set in motion by external forces

Question 17

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Scientific Modernism

Hedonism

Answer 17

people are motivated to maximize pleasure and minimize pain

Question 18

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Scientific Modernism

Philipp Pinel

Answer 18

• Reformed Paris mental hospitals, removed restraints and treated the mentally ill more humanely.
• Developed individualized therapies based on diagnosis and life history and insisted on drugs only as last resort

Question 19

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Scientific Modernism

Mesmer

Answer 19

convinced there is a physical fluid that fills the universe and is the vehicle of union between man, earth and the stars, disease as a result of its unbalanced distribution in the body. Help of magnets, it can be channeled, stored and transmitted to others.

Question 20

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement

Phineas Quimby

Answer 20

Influenced by Mesmer. New thought movement:

• God or Infinite Intelligence is “supreme, universal and everlasting”
• The highest spiritual principle is loving one another unconditionally… and teaching and healing one another
• Our mental states are carried forward into manifestation and become our own experience in daily living

Mind-cure movement

Question 21

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement

Emmanuel Movement

Answer 21

Elwood Worcester:

Head minister of Emmanuel Church in Boston

• Developed a program that “fused religious faith and scientific knowledge” in the treatment of psychologigal disorders
• Free weekly medical examinations and private psychology sessions

Question 22

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement

The emergence of hypnosis

Marquis de Puységur:

Answer 22

french magnetizer. Invented procedure known as “hypnotic induction”. Similarity between sleeping trance and natural sleep-walking.
Named it “artificial sonambulism”

Critics: not magnetism, but suggestion

Question 23

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement

The emergence of hypnosis

Braid:

Answer 23

Introduced the concept of hypnosis to explain mesmerism

Question 24

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement

The emergence of hypnosis

The Nancy School

Answer 24

Berheim: increasingly turned from hynosis to the use of suggestion in a waking state, something his school began to call “psychotherapy”

Question 25

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement

The emergence of hypnosis

The Salpêtrière School

Answer 25

Charcot: research on hypnosis to cure hysteria

Question 26

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement

The emergence of hypnosis

Josef Breuer

Answer 26

Anna O: treated by him for symtoms of hysteria.

He found hypnosis wasn’t effective, but conversation was.

He developed the cathartic method (spoken care)

Question 27

Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:

Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement

The emergence of hypnosis

Hans Eyesenck

Answer 27

developed a paper and concluded that available data “fail to support the hypothesis that psychotherapy facilitates recovery from disorder”. These results pushed scientists to research for efficacy.