1: History and basic foundations of intervention techniques and psychological treatments Flashcards
Ontology
philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence or reality, as well as basic characteristics of being and their relations
Epistemology
Studies the nature of knowledge, the rationality of belief, and justification
Theoretic-clinic
Etiopathogenesis, nosology (DSM…), objectives, model of change…
Techniques
concrete psychological interventions
What does each approach try to do?
- provide a diagnostich scheme ( to find “underlying cause” of problems)
- present treatment interventions
- propose optimal manner for therapists to relate to clients
What are the origins of psychotherapy?
- Western cultural practice oriented to improve mental health and quality of life.
- Individualization puts higher demands on the individual psyche
- Decline of religious practices
- Failure of art and philosophy as a tool of balance
PREMODERNITY (from prehistory to 1500)
Shamanism
- Dualistic attitude:spirits dictate everything that happens and my be responsible for sickness.
Etiology of mental disorders: losing ones soul, possession, taboo crimes and projectiles. - Shaman had to reach altered state of consciousness to perceive and interact with a spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world.
PREMODERNITY (from prehistory to 1500)
Collectivism vs egocentrism
- Epistemological egocentrism: lack of understanding that things can look different from other perspectives. Subjectivity and individuality.
- Magical thinking: what happens outside, is more relevant to what happens inside than to context
- Trepanation: opening a hole in skull using a bore as treatment
PREMODERNITY (from prehistory to 1500)
Greece
- philosophers realized the power of words to persuade
- Aristotle: rational in the soul and cognitive faculties in the heart
- He also said optimum activity in the soul is aim of all deliberate action. Eudaimonia (happiness), requires moral virtue
- Hippocrates: treatment based on healing powers of nature. Illness is a disturbance in balance of fluids (humourism)
PREMODERNITY (from prehistory to 1500)
Buddhism
Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
- “I” is impermanent and came to be because of events and people
- Four noble truths: 1) to live is to suffer 2) cause of this is self-centred desire and attatchments 3) soludion is get rid of them 4) way to Nirvana is through the “Noble Eight-Fold-Path”
- Wisdom: right understanding + right motivation
- Moral discipline: right speech + right action + right livelihood
- Mental discipline: right effort + right mindfullness + right meditation
- All phenomena: impermanence (Annica), dissatisfaction (Dukkha) and non-self (Anatta)
MIDDLE AGES (17th century)
- Roles were assigned by God, only freedom was to play it prudently or fall victim to passions and instincts.
- Interested in questions of desire, will, intention, sin and virtue:
-Sickness: result of sin
-Diagnosis: based on unreliable tests
-Treatment: confession - Pare Jofré (Valencia): 1st mental hospital
ENLIGHTENMENT (18th century)
- Mental disorder = degenerates
- Interventions: hospitalization, isolation
- Thomas Wills: internal biochemical relationship was behind mental disorders. Bleeding, purging and vomiting
- Halloran’s Spinning Swing and Cox’s Chair (Joseph Cox)
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Scientific Modernism
Objectivism:
Nature exists independently of observers and can be described without bias using the scientific method
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Scientific Modernism
Universalism
Scientific explanations apply to all times, places situations, regardless of the contexts in which events occur
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Scientific Modernism
Atomism
scientific descriptions involve elements appropriate to each discipline
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Scientific Modernism
Materialism
every event involves observable objects set in motion by external forces
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Scientific Modernism
Hedonism
people are motivated to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Scientific Modernism
Philipp Pinel
- Reformed Paris mental hospitals, removed restraints and treated the mentally ill more humanely.
- Developed individualized therapies based on diagnosis and life history and insisted on drugs only as last resort
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Scientific Modernism
Mesmer
convinced there is a physical fluid that fills the universe and is the vehicle of union between man, earth and the stars, disease as a result of its unbalanced distribution in the body. Help of magnets, it can be channeled, stored and transmitted to others.
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement
Phineas Quimby
Influenced by Mesmer. New thought movement:
- God or Infinite Intelligence is “supreme, universal and everlasting”
- The highest spiritual principle is loving one another unconditionally… and teaching and healing one another
- Our mental states are carried forward into manifestation and become our own experience in daily living
Mind-cure movement
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement
Emmanuel Movement
Elwood Worcester:
Head minister of Emmanuel Church in Boston
- Developed a program that “fused religious faith and scientific knowledge” in the treatment of psychologigal disorders
- Free weekly medical examinations and private psychology sessions
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement
The emergence of hypnosis
Marquis de Puységur:
french magnetizer. Invented procedure known as “hypnotic induction”. Similarity between sleeping trance and natural sleep-walking.
Named it “artificial sonambulism”
Critics: not magnetism, but suggestion
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement
The emergence of hypnosis
Braid:
Introduced the concept of hypnosis to explain mesmerism
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement
The emergence of hypnosis
The Nancy School
Berheim: increasingly turned from hynosis to the use of suggestion in a waking state, something his school began to call “psychotherapy”
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement
The emergence of hypnosis
The Salpêtrière School
Charcot: research on hypnosis to cure hysteria
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement
The emergence of hypnosis
Josef Breuer
Anna O: treated by him for symtoms of hysteria.
He found hypnosis wasn’t effective, but conversation was.
He developed the cathartic method (spoken care)
Emergence of psychotherapy within professional psychology:
Mesmerism in EEUU and the new thought movement
The emergence of hypnosis
Hans Eyesenck
developed a paper and concluded that available data “fail to support the hypothesis that psychotherapy facilitates recovery from disorder”. These results pushed scientists to research for efficacy.
