1 - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Question 1

• Application of the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering to biology and medicine
• Focuses on the advances that improve human health and healthcare at all levels

Answer 1

Biomedical Engineering

Question 2

• American hospitals a century ago were rather simple in that their organization required no special provisions for research or technology and demanded only cooking and washing facilities
• In addition, since the attending and consulting physicians were normally unsalaried, and the nursing costs were quite modest, the great bulk of the hospital’s normal operating expenses were for food, drugs, and utilities

Answer 2

Evolution of the Modern Health Care System

Question 3

• the emergence of modular IT systems
• no digital systems
• paper-based prescriptions and reports

Answer 3

Healthcare 1.0 (1970-1991)

Question 4

• health and information technologies integration
• digital tracking
• documents and patient records via mobile devices
• new user-enabled

Answer 4

Healthcare 2.0 (1991-2005)

Question 5

• electronic healthcare records systems
• wearable and implantable systems
• arrival of web 3.0
• real-time tracking of patient

Answer 5

Healthcare 3.0 (2005-2016)

Question 6

• hi-tech and hi-touch systems
• real-time access to patients’ clinical data
• personalized healthcare in real-time
• use integral of disruptive technologies such as IoT, AI, VR/AR, CPS, and Big data

Answer 6

Healthcare 4.0 (2016-today)

Question 7

• Applies electrical, chemical, optical, mechanical, and other engineering principles to understand, modify, or control biological (human and animal) systems
• Significantly concerned primarily with the development of medical devices in the 1950s and 1960s

Answer 7

Biomedical Engineering

Question 8

Application of engineering system analysis

Answer 8

physiologic modeling, simulation, and control to biological problems

Question 9

Detection, measurement, and monitoring of physiologic signals

Answer 9

biosensors and biomedical instrumentation

Question 10

Therapeutic and rehabilitation procedures and devices

Answer 10

rehabilitation engineering

Question 11

Devices for replacement or augmentation of bodily functions

Answer 11

artificial organs

Question 12

Computer analysis of patient-related data and clinical decision-making

Answer 12

medical informatics and artificial intelligence

Question 13

the graphical display of anatomic detail or physiologic function

Answer 13

Medical imaging

Question 14

The creation of new biologic products

Answer 14

biotechnology and tissue engineering

Question 15

Typical pursuits of biomedical engineers include the following:

Answer 15

• Research in new materials for implanted artificial organs
• Development of new diagnostic instruments for blood analysis
• Writing software for analysis of medical research data
• Analysis of medical device hazards for safety and efficac
• Development of new diagnostic imaging systems
• Design of telemetry systems for patient monitoring design of biomedical sensors
• Development of expert systems for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
• Design of closed-loop control systems for drug administration
• Modeling of the physiologic systems of the human body
• Design of instrumentation for sports medicine
• Development of new dental materials
• Design of communication aids for individuals with disabilities
• Study of pulmonary fluid dynamics
• Study of biomechanics of the human body
• Development of material to be used as replacement for human skin

Question 16

• When a biomedical engineer works within a hospital or clinic
• Essentially responsible for:
  1. All the high-technology instruments and systems used in hospitals today
  2. The training of medical personnel in equipment safety
  3. The design, selection, and use of technology to deliver safe and effective health care

Answer 16

Clinical Engineer

Question 17

Roles of Biomedical Engineers

Answer 17

1. Clinical Engineer in Health Care
2. Biomedical Design Engineer for Industry
3. Research Scientist

Question 18

• Who?
  1. Clinical Engineer in Health Care
  2. Biomedical Design Engineer for industry
• Why?
  1. Maintains the traditional service relationship with the life scientists who originate a problem that can be solved by applying the specific expertise of the engineer
  2. Must understand the biological situation to apply their judgment, and contribute their knowledge toward the solution to the given problem, as well as to defend their methods in terms that the life scientist can understand

Answer 18

Problem Solver

Question 19

• Who?
  1. Biomedical Design Engineer for Industry
• Why?
  1. Examine some portion of the biological or medical front and identify areas in which advanced technology might be advantageous

Answer 19

Technological Entrepreneur

Question 20

• Who?
  1. Academic Institutions and Industrial Research Labs
• Why?
  1. Interested in applying engineering concepts and techniques to investigate and explore biological processes
  2. The results of these experiments can be used to amend the model
  3. Increased understanding of a biological mechanism results from this iterative process

Answer 20

Engineer Scientist

Question 21

Ultimate Role of Biomedical Engineers

Answer 21

• Serve society
• Health care practitioners and administrators should be aware of the needs and the roles
• The great potential, challenge, and promise in this endeavor offer not only significant technological benefits but humanitarian benefits as well

Question 22

Recent Advances in Biomedical Engineering

Answer 22

• Prosthetics
• Tissue engineering

Question 23

• “Replacement” limb for the human body
• Neural prosthetics

Answer 23

Prosthetics

Question 24

Stem cell research

Answer 24

Tissue engineering