1 - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Flashcards
- Application of the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering to biology and medicine
- Focuses on the advances that improve human health and healthcare at all levels
Biomedical Engineering
- American hospitals a century ago were rather simple in that their organization required no special provisions for research or technology and demanded only cooking and washing facilities
- In addition, since the attending and consulting physicians were normally unsalaried, and the nursing costs were quite modest, the great bulk of the hospital’s normal operating expenses were for food, drugs, and utilities
Evolution of the Modern Health Care System
- the emergence of modular IT systems
- no digital systems
- paper-based prescriptions and reports
Healthcare 1.0 (1970-1991)
- health and information technologies integration
- digital tracking
- documents and patient records via mobile devices
- new user-enabled
Healthcare 2.0 (1991-2005)
- electronic healthcare records systems
- wearable and implantable systems
- arrival of web 3.0
- real-time tracking of patient
Healthcare 3.0 (2005-2016)
- hi-tech and hi-touch systems
- real-time access to patients’ clinical data
- personalized healthcare in real-time
- use integral of disruptive technologies such as IoT, AI, VR/AR, CPS, and Big data
Healthcare 4.0 (2016-today)
- Applies electrical, chemical, optical, mechanical, and other engineering principles to understand, modify, or control biological (human and animal) systems
- Significantly concerned primarily with the development of medical devices in the 1950s and 1960s
Biomedical Engineering
Application of engineering system analysis
physiologic modeling, simulation, and control to biological problems
Detection, measurement, and monitoring of physiologic signals
biosensors and biomedical instrumentation
Therapeutic and rehabilitation procedures and devices
rehabilitation engineering
Devices for replacement or augmentation of bodily functions
artificial organs
Computer analysis of patient-related data and clinical decision-making
medical informatics and artificial intelligence
the graphical display of anatomic detail or physiologic function
Medical imaging
The creation of new biologic products
biotechnology and tissue engineering
Typical pursuits of biomedical engineers include the following:
- Research in new materials for implanted artificial organs
- Development of new diagnostic instruments for blood analysis
- Writing software for analysis of medical research data
- Analysis of medical device hazards for safety and efficac
- Development of new diagnostic imaging systems
- Design of telemetry systems for patient monitoring design of biomedical sensors
- Development of expert systems for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
- Design of closed-loop control systems for drug administration
- Modeling of the physiologic systems of the human body
- Design of instrumentation for sports medicine
- Development of new dental materials
- Design of communication aids for individuals with disabilities
- Study of pulmonary fluid dynamics
- Study of biomechanics of the human body
- Development of material to be used as replacement for human skin
- When a biomedical engineer works within a hospital or clinic
- Essentially responsible for:
1. All the high-technology instruments and systems used in hospitals today
2. The training of medical personnel in equipment safety
3. The design, selection, and use of technology to deliver safe and effective health care
Clinical Engineer
Roles of Biomedical Engineers
- Clinical Engineer in Health Care
- Biomedical Design Engineer for Industry
- Research Scientist
- Who?
1. Clinical Engineer in Health Care
2. Biomedical Design Engineer for industry - Why?
1. Maintains the traditional service relationship with the life scientists who originate a problem that can be solved by applying the specific expertise of the engineer
2. Must understand the biological situation to apply their judgment, and contribute their knowledge toward the solution to the given problem, as well as to defend their methods in terms that the life scientist can understand
Problem Solver
- Who?
1. Biomedical Design Engineer for Industry - Why?
1. Examine some portion of the biological or medical front and identify areas in which advanced technology might be advantageous
Technological Entrepreneur
- Who?
1. Academic Institutions and Industrial Research Labs - Why?
1. Interested in applying engineering concepts and techniques to investigate and explore biological processes
2. The results of these experiments can be used to amend the model
3. Increased understanding of a biological mechanism results from this iterative process
Engineer Scientist
Ultimate Role of Biomedical Engineers
- Serve society
- Health care practitioners and administrators should be aware of the needs and the roles
- The great potential, challenge, and promise in this endeavor offer not only significant technological benefits but humanitarian benefits as well
Recent Advances in Biomedical Engineering
- Prosthetics
- Tissue engineering
- “Replacement” limb for the human body
- Neural prosthetics
Prosthetics
Stem cell research
Tissue engineering
